Table 2.
Summary of characteristics of included studies (n=31)
| Characteristics | Number (%) |
|---|---|
| Median sample size (range) | 217 (5–1124) |
| Median age (range) in years | 30.5 (2–82) |
| # of included studies enrolled PLWH | 22 (71%) |
| # of included studies enrolled populations at high-risk for HIV infection | 9 (29%) |
| # of included studies conducted in Africa, North America, Europe, and multiple continents | 12 (38.7%), 9 (29%), 4 (12.9%), 3 (9.7%), and 3 (9.7%) |
| # of included studies employing cross-sectional design | 27 (87.1%) |
| Classes of ARV drugs used | 4 |
| # of included studies reporting NRTI, NNRTI, PI, and INSTI | 11 (35.4%), 9 (29%), 15 (48.4%), and 1 (3.2%) |
| # of ARV drugs used | 11 |
| # of included studies reporting ARV drug | 21 (68%) |
| # of included studies reporting multiple ARV drugs | 10 (22%) |
| # of included studies reporting single measure of adherence or PD response | 20 (64.5%) |
| # of included studies reporting multiple adherence measures or/and PD responses | 11 (35.5%) |
| # of non-PK adherence measures used | 3 |
| # of included studies using self-reported measure | 11 (35.5%) |
| # of studies reporting high, medium, or low levels for associations | 1 (9.1%), 1 (9.1%), or 9 (81.8%) |
| # of included studies using pill count adherence measure | 2 (6.5%) |
| # of studies reporting high, medium, or low levels for associations | 0 (0%), 1 (50%), or 1 (50%) |
| # of included studies using EDM adherence measure | 5 (16.1%) |
| # of studies reporting high, medium, or low levels for associations | 2(40%), 1 (20%), or 2 (40%) |
| # of PK adherence measures used | 4 |
| # of included studies reporting plasma ARV concentration | 5 (16.1%) |
| # of studies reporting high, medium, or low levels for associations | 1(20%), 3(60%), or 1 (20%) |
| # of included studies reporting PBMC ARV concentration | 2 (6.5%) |
| # of studies reporting high, medium, or low levels for associations | 0(0%), 1(50%), or 1 (50%) |
| # of included studies reporting DBS ARV concentration | 3 (9.7%) |
| # of studies reporting high, medium, or low levels for associations | 2(66.7%), 1(33.3%), or 0 (0%) |
| # of PD response measures used | 2 |
| # of included studies reporting viral load | 17 (54.8%) |
| # of studies reporting high, medium, or low levels for associations | 16(94%), 0(0%), or 1 (6%) |
| # of included studies reporting renal toxicity | 6 (19.4%) |
| # of studies reporting high, medium, or low levels for associations | 3(50%), 0(0%), or 3(50%) |
Note. ARV=Antiretroviral; PK=pharmacokinetic; non-PK=non-pharmacokinetic; PD=pharmacodynamic; PLWH=People living with HIV; NRTI=nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NNRTI=non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI=protease inhibitor; INSTI=integrase strand transfer inhibitor; EDM=Electronic drug monitoring; PBMC=Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; DBS=Dried blood spots.