Table 2.

Enhancing effects of IL-4 in anti-tumour response

Cytokine	The effect of enhancing anti-tumour response/use in cancer therapy	The effect of impairing anti-tumor response
IL-4	Patients with Barrett’s oesophagus have a higher proportion of IL-4 producing CD4+ T cells compared to healthy individuals [68]	Not reported in cited publications
	α-GalCer, MPL and E7 DNA vaccine can be a rational combination of adjuvants providing opportunities for the development of therapeutic vaccines for cervical cancer [78]
	Synergizing tumour-Gal and CpG1826 can be a tumour-specific immunotherapy against human cancer by reduction of IL-4 and IL-5 expression [79]
	Selective blocking of Kv1.1 in CD4+ T resulted in exclusive secretion of TNF-α by T cells without elevating IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-4 in patients with cancer or chronic infectious diseases [80]
	Increased concentration of MCP-3 or sIL-4R tertile in serum may indicate which men are more vulnerable to colorectal polyps [84]