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. 2018 Feb 16;2(1):e20. doi: 10.1097/HS9.0000000000000020

Figure 1.

Figure 1

PD-1 blockade in Hodgkin lymphoma. (A) PD-L1 and PD-L2 are upregulated in Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells through several mechanisms, including amplification of chromosome 9p.24 which encodes the PDL1 and PDL2 loci. JAK2 is also encoded on chromosome 9p.24, and JAK-STAT signaling promotes PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression. In EBV-associated Hodgkin lymphoma, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) can promote PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression through AP-1. (B) T cells within the tumor microenvironment express PD-1, which recognizes PD-L1 and PD-L2 expressed on HRS cells, as well as other leukocytes such as macrophages. Antibodies such as nivolumab and pembrolizumab block PD-1 to disrupt PD-1/PD-L1 signaling.