Table 2.

Adjusted mean differences between treatment groups.

Outcome measure			Intervention				Control				Adjusted mean difference (95% CI)a			P value
			Baseline		Poststudy		Baseline		Poststudy
Self-reported questionnaires, mean (SD)
	Number of participants			22		22		19		19			N/Ab			N/A
	Adherence Starts with Knowledge-12 scale scorec			28.6 (5.2)		27.2 (5.8)		25.5 (4.4)		28.5 (7.0)			–4.73 (–8.26 to –1.21)			.01d
	Appraisal of Diabetes scale scoree			19.7 (3.7)		19.4 (3.5)		19.0 (3.8)		19.4 (4.3)f			–0.48 (–1.82 to 2.78)			.43g
Clinical measurements
	Blood glucose level
		Number of participants		22		19		19		15			N/A			N/A
		Hemoglobin A1c (%)		8.7 (2.4)		9.0 (1.6)		8.6 (1.5)		9.4 (2.4)			–0.42 (–1.89 to 1.06)			.57g
	Lipids
		Number of participants		21		17		19		12			N/A			N/A
		Low-density lipoprotein (mmol/L), mean (SD)		3.1 (1.2)		3.1 (0.7)		2.7 (1.0)		2.7 (0.8)			0.11 (–0.20 to 0.06)			.75g
		High-density lipoprotein (mmol/L), mean (SD)		1.2 (0.3)		1.2 (0.3)		1.1 (0.3)		1.2 (0.3)			–0.09 (–0.56 to 0.77)			.14
		Total cholesterol (mmol/L), mean (SD)		4.5 (1.2)		4.6 (0.8)		4.2 (1.0)		4.1 (1.1)			–0.02 (–0.69 to 0.72)			.052g
	Anthropometric data
		Number of participants		22		18		19		13			N/A			N/A
		Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD)		29.4 (7.3)		25.2 (12.5)		28.0 (4.0)		27.5 (4.2)			0.02 (–1.13, 1.10)			.98g

^aAdjusted variables for linear regressions: mean baseline ASK-12 score, years with diabetes, baseline of outcome variable.

^bN/A: not applicable.

^cScores are summed up with reverse scoring for Inconvenience (questions 1-3) and Behavior (questions 8-12). Higher scores signify higher barriers to adherence.

^dP<.05

^eScores (min=7, max=35) are summed up (questions 2 and 6 are reverse scored). Lower scores signify more positive appraisal of diabetes.

^fOne missing value, n=18.

^gNormality assumption is violated due to a small number of outliers and small sample sizes per group.