Table 3.
Fixed effect model estimates for the effect of change in total arrests on change in antisocial characteristics
| Antisocial Attitudes | Antisocial Behaviors | Antisocial Peers | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | 95% CI | p | β | 95% CI | p | β | 95% CI | p | |
| Intercept | 2.07 | [1.33, 2.69] | < .001 | −0.28 | [−1.2, 0.64] | .532 | −0.03 | [−1.01, 0.95] | .955 |
| 1-year lagged total arrests | 0.11 | [0.07, 0.14] | < .001 | 0.10 | [0.05, 0.15] | < .001 | 0.12 | [0.07, 0.18] | < .001 |
| Age | −0.12 | [−0.12, −0.11] | < .001 | 0.00 | [−0.01, 0.01] | .865 | 0.01 | [−0.01, 0.02] | .340 |
| Race | −0.09 | [−1.05, 0.88] | .850 | 0.23 | [−0.98, 1.44] | .698 | 0.24 | [−1.02, 1.5] | .692 |
| 2-year lagged | |||||||||
| Alcohol use | 0.10 | [0.02, 0.19] | .012 | 0.05 | [−0.04, 0.15] | .257 | 0.07 | [−0.05, 0.18] | .225 |
| Marijuana use | −0.02 | [−0.10, 0.07] | .706 | −0.01 | [−0.13, 0.12] | .885 | −0.03 | [−0.14, 0.07] | .516 |
| Academic achievement | 0.06 | [−0.02, 0.13] | .103 | 0.02 | [−0.06, 0.10] | .559 | −0.04 | [−0.14, 0.06] | .412 |
| Antisocial attitudes | 0.00 | [0.00, 0.00] | .142 | 0.00 | [0.00, 0.01] | .005 | 0.00 | [0.00, 0.01] | .008 |
| Antisocial behaviors | 0.00 | [0.00, 0.00] | .060 | 0.00 | [0.00, 0.00] | < .001 | 0.00 | [0.00, 0.00] | .597 |
| Antisocial peers | 0.02 | [0.01, 0.02] | < .001 | 0.01 | [0.00, 0.02] | .091 | 0.03 | [0.02, 0.04] | < .001 |
| Internalizing | 0.00 | [0.00, 0.00] | .336 | 0.00 | [0.00, 0.00] | .976 | 0.00 | [0.00, 0.00] | .994 |
| Neighborhood crime | 0.00 | [−0.01, 0.01] | .975 | 0.00 | [−0.01, 0.00] | .433 | 0.00 | [−0.01, 0.01] | .979 |
| Parent convictions | −0.04 | [−0.09, 0.00] | .067 | −0.02 | [−0.08, 0.04] | .572 | −0.04 | [−0.13, 0.05] | .344 |
| Parental stress | 0.00 | [−0.01, 0.01] | .655 | 0.00 | [−0.01, 0.01] | .617 | 0.00 | [−0.01, 0.01] | .633 |
| Socioeconomic status | 0.01 | [0.00, 0.01] | < .001 | 0.00 | [0.00, 0.00] | .684 | 0.00 | [−0.01, 0.01] | .933 |
| Parental supervision | 0.00 | [−0.03, 0.02] | .872 | 0.01 | [−0.04, 0.05] | .753 | −0.03 | [−0.07, 0.02] | .238 |
| Psychiatric institutionalization | 0.01 | [−0.17, 0.19] | .907 | 0.15 | [−0.20, 0.50] | .354 | 0.11 | [−0.23, 0.45] | .484 |
| Delinquency institutionalization | −0.03 | [−0.07, 0.01] | .105 | −0.06 | [−0.11, −0.01] | .024 | −0.06 | [−0.20, 0.07] | .304 |
Note. N = 503. The number of observations is 8,551. Coefficients for the 503 respondent dummy variables are not shown. Main effects are bolded, as the coefficients for confounding variables are not interpretable (Westreich & Greenland, 2013). Unadjusted models available upon request.