Table 4.
Fixed effect model estimates for the effect of change in total convictions on change in antisocial characteristics
| Antisocial Attitudes | Antisocial Behavior | Antisocial Peers | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | 95% CI | p | β | 95% CI | p | β | 95% CI | p | |
| Intercept | 2.04 | [1.34, 2.74] | < .001 | −0.36 | [−1.28, 0.56] | .432 | −0.08 | [−1.06, 0.91] | .872 |
| 1-year lagged total convictions | 0.03 | [0.01, 0.05] | .001 | −0.01 | [−0.03, 0.02] | .509 | 0.03 | [0.00, 0.06] | .042 |
| Age | −0.12 | [−0.12, −0.11] | < .001 | 0.00 | [−0.01, 0.01] | .777 | 0.01 | [−0.01, 0.02] | .242 |
| Race | −0.09 | [−1.06, 0.87] | .842 | 0.25 | [−0.97, 1.46] | .677 | 0.24 | [−1.01, 1.49] | .691 |
| 2-year lagged | |||||||||
| Alcohol use | 0.10 | [0.02, 0.18] | .015 | 0.05 | [−0.04, 0.15] | .264 | 0.06 | [−0.05, 0.18] | .251 |
| Marijuana use | −0.01 | [−0.09, 0.08] | .829 | 0.01 | [−0.12, 0.14] | .867 | −0.02 | [−0.13, 0.08] | .668 |
| Academic achievement | 0.06 | [−0.02, 0.13] | .095 | 0.03 | [−0.05, 0.11] | .472 | −0.04 | [−0.14, 0.07] | .446 |
| Antisocial attitudes | 0.00 | [0.00, 0.00] | .184 | 0.00 | [0.00, 0.01] | .002 | 0.01 | [0.00, 0.01] | .005 |
| Antisocial behaviors | 0.00 | [0.00, 0.00] | .046 | 0.00 | [0.00, 0.00] | < .001 | 0.00 | [0.00, 0.00] | .529 |
| Antisocial peers | 0.02 | [0.01, 0.02] | < .001 | 0.01 | [0.00, 0.02] | .079 | 0.03 | [0.02, 0.04] | < .001 |
| Internalizing | 0.00 | [−0.01, 0.00] | .287 | 0.00 | [0.00, 0.00] | .947 | 0.00 | [0.00, 0.00] | .940 |
| Neighborhood crime | 0.00 | [−0.01, 0.01] | .987 | 0.00 | [−0.01, 0.00] | .441 | 0.00 | [−0.01, 0.01] | .991 |
| Parent convictions | −0.04 | [−0.09, 0.01] | .086 | −0.01 | [−0.07, 0.05] | .703 | −0.04 | [−0.12, 0.05] | .388 |
| Parental stress | 0.00 | [−0.01, 0.01] | .637 | 0.00 | [−0.01, 0.01] | .643 | 0.00 | [−0.01, 0.01] | .658 |
| Socioeconomic status | 0.01 | [0.00, 0.01] | < .001 | 0.00 | [0.00, 0.00] | .696 | 0.00 | [−0.01, 0.01] | .933 |
| Parental supervision | 0.00 | [−0.02, 0.02] | .960 | 0.01 | [−0.03, 0.05] | .674 | −0.02 | [−0.07, 0.02] | .272 |
| Psychiatric institutionalization | 0.01 | [−0.18, 0.2] | .909 | 0.14 | [−0.21, 0.49] | .394 | 0.11 | [−0.23, 0.45] | .498 |
| Delinquency institutionalization | −0.03 | [−0.07, 0.01] | .122 | −0.05 | [−0.10, 0.00] | .035 | −0.06 | [−0.20, 0.07] | .320 |
Note. N = 503. CI: Confidence interval. The number of observations is 8,551. Coefficients for the 503 respondent dummy variables are not shown. Main effects are bolded, as the coefficients for confounding variables are not interpretable (Westreich & Greenland, 2013). Unadjusted models available upon request.