Table 1.
Baseline Patient Characteristics (n = 108).
| Characteristic | HFpEF (n = 55) | HFrEF (n = 18) | HFmrEF (n = 35) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 56 ± 14 | 54 ± 7 | 55 ± 10 | 0.880 |
| Female | 10 | 3 | 7 | 0.058 |
| Height, cm | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 0.973 |
| Weight, kg | 76.8 ± 13.0 | 82.1 ± 12.0 | 77.6 ± 12.5 | 0.341 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.1 ± 3.2 | 27.6 ± 3.5 | 26.2 ± 3.4 | 0.235 |
| Paroxysmal AF | 39 | 6 | 14 | 0.002 |
| Persistent AF | 16 | 12 | 21 | 0.002 |
| Duration of AF, months (median, IQR) | 24, 12–84 | 18, 5–62 | 24, 6–120 | 0.331 |
| NYHA grade (mean ± SD) | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 2.7 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
| II | 30 | 5 | 18 | |
| III | 13 | 6 | 9 | |
| IV | 12 | 7 | 8 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 3 | 4 | 4 | 0.119 |
| Hypertension | 10 | 7 | 13 | 0.076 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 14 | 5 | 7 | 0.775 |
| Alcohol excess | 14 | 8 | 10 | 0.305 |
| Smoking | 24 | 7 | 16 | 0.893 |
| OSAHS | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0.324 |
| CHA2DS2-VaSc score | 1.3 ± 1.1 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 1.4 ± 1.3 | 0.595 |
| ACE inhibitor or ARB | 10 | 18 | 22 | <0.001 |
| Beta-blocker | 11 | 5 | 12 | 0.315 |
| Calcium-channel blocker | 11 | 4 | 9 | 0.817 |
| Diuretics | 3 | 18 | 11 | <0.001 |
| Statin | 15 | 4 | 8 | 0.856 |
| Warfarin | 22 | 9 | 18 | 0.518 |
| NOAC | 22 | 9 | 16 | 0.721 |
| Class I anti-arrhythmic | 15 | 10 | 18 | 0.024 |
| Class III anti-arrhythmic | 6 | 6 | 12 | 0.016 |
Values are expressed as the means ± standard deviation or n (%) unless otherwise indicated. HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (EF ≥ 50%); HFmrEF, heart failure with mid-range fraction (50% < EF ≤ 40%); HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (EF < 40%); NYHA, New York Heart Association; OSAHS, obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnea syndrome; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; NOAC, novel oral anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation; IQR, interquartile range. Excess alcohol defined as ≥ 8 drinks/week; Smoking, all are current smokers, no patient of quit smoking was documented.