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. 2019 Sep 16;9:13286. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49592-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The traction force, viscoelastic properties, and bond strength of the dorsal side of cells were evaluated using the microfluidic device at high-throughput. (a) Cells are seeded in a microfluidic channel and then particles coated with ligand targeting surface molecules are added to bind to the cell surface. To induce hydrodynamic forces, a syringe pump and tubing are used. Particle-bound cells are shown in the inset marked (red box, Scale bar: 50 μm). Whole field of view of actual image taken for highthroughput analysis was shown (blue box). Black dots indicate particles attached to cells (white arrows). (b) Force spectrum is shown as a function of flow rate. Different flow rates can be applied for various types of measurement. For example, to measure the traction force, a force in the range of tens of pN is used. To measure the viscoelastic properties, forces of in the range of 1 nN are used. To measure the bond strength, a varied force which increases in a stepwise manner is used, ranging from ~300 pN to ~2000 pN.