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. 2019 Sep 10;10:2066. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02066

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Copyright © 2019 Wesselingh, Butzkueven, Buzzard, Tarlinton, O'Brien and Monif.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Blood Brain Barrier Function (A) and Dysfunction (B). 1. Quiescent Microglia; 2. Astrocyte foot process; 3. Basement membrane; 4. Pericyte; 5. Endothelial cell; 6. Claudin-1; 7. Zona occludins-1; 8. Monocyte; 9. Vessel lumen; 10. Activated monocyte; 11. T-lymphocyte; 12. Chemokines; 13. ICAM-1, VCAM-1; 14. Monocyte initiating diapedesis; 15. Breakdown of tight junctions; 16. Infiltrating monocyte; 17. Macrophage; 18. Activated microglia via DAMP/PAMP. DAMP, Damage associated molecular pattern; PAMP, Pathogen associated molecular pattern; ICAM-1, Intracellular adhesion molecule 1; VCAM-1, Vascular cell adhesion molecule.