Table 1.
Previous studies utilizing untargeted metasbolomics in subjects with autism spectrum disorders.
| Study Reference | Study Population | Age Range (y) | Tissue | Study Method | Notable Metabolites | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Increased | Decreased | |||||
| Yap et al., (148) | 39 children with ASD | 3–9 | Urine | 1H NMR | Dimethylamine, taurine, succinic acid, N-methylnicotinic acid, N-methylnicotinamide, N-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide | Hippurate, phenylacetylglutamine |
| 28 “nonautistic” siblings | ||||||
| 34 age-matched controls | ||||||
| Ming et al., (149) | 48 children with ASD | 6–14 | Urine | UPLC–MS/MS and GC–MS | trans-Urocanate, glutaroylcarnitine, 3-methylglutaroylcarnitine | Glycine, serine, threonine, alanine, β-alanine, histidine, taurine, carnosine, uric acid |
| 53 age-matched controls | ||||||
| Mavel et al., (150) | 30 children with ASD | 6–14 | Urine | 1H-13C NMR | Glycine, β-alanine, taurine, succinic acid | Creatine, 3-methylhistidine |
| 28 age-matched controls | 6–9 | |||||
| Emond et al., (151) | 26 children with ASD | 6–14 | Urine | GC–MS | Succinic acid, glycolic acid | Hippurate, phosphate, palmitate, stearate, 3-methyladipate |
| 24 age-matched controls | 6–9 | |||||
| Noto et al., (160) | 21 children with ASD | 4–16 | Urine | GC–MS | Glycolic acid, homovanillic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybutyric acid, tryptophan | Fructose, 1,2,3-butanetriol, propylene glycol |
| 21 “nonautistic” siblings | 4–17 | |||||
| Dieme et al., (152) | 30 children with ASD | 5–12 | Urine | 1H NMR, 1H-13C HSQC NMR, and LC-HRMS | N-acetylarginine, indoxyl, indoxylsulfate, dihydroxy-1H-indole glucuronide I | Methylguanidine, desaminotyrosine, dihydrouracil |
| 32 age-matched controls | 4–13 | |||||
| Bitar et al., (153) | 40 children with ASD | 3–15 | Urine | 1H NMR, 1H-13C NMR, and LC-HRMS | Phosphoserine, glutamic acid, nicotinamide ribotide, trigonelline, 5-amino-imidazole-4-carboxamide, riboflavin, glycerol-3-phosphate, chalice acid, | Threonine, creatine, serine, N-acetylphenylalanine, tyrosine, hydroxybenzoic acid, hydroxyproline, urocanic acid, cysteic acid, 2-hydroxybutyric acid, citric acid, guanine, N-amidino aspartic acid, acetylcarnitine, methyl acetoacetic acid, |
| 40 age-matched controls | 3–15 | |||||
| Kuwabara et al., (154) | 25 individuals with ASD | 23–39 | Plasma | CE-TOFMS | Arginine, taurine | 5-Oxoproline, lactic acid |
| 28 age-matched controls | 24–36 | |||||
| West et al., (155) | 52 children with ASD | 6–9 | Plasma | LC–MS and GC–MS | Aspartate, serine, DHEA-S, glutaric acid, succinic acid | Citrate, creatinine, isoleucine, hydroxyphenyllactate, glutamate |
| 30 age-matched controls | ||||||
| Wang et., al., (156) | 173 children with ASD | 3–6 | Plasma | UPLC/Q-TOF–MS/MS | Decanoylcarnitine, pregnanetriol | Sphingosine-1-phosphate, docosahexaenoic acid, adrenic acid, uric acid |
| 163 age-matched controls | ||||||
| Rangel-Huerta et al., (157) | 20 children with ASD | 2–6 | Plasma | UPLC–MS/MS | 3-Indoxyl sulfate, 6-hydroxyindole sulfate, tryptophan, 5-bromotryptophan, gamma-glutamylmethionine, methionine, ursodeoxycholate, cortisone, sphingomyelins d182, kynurenine, 1-methylnicotinamide, choline phosphate, 4-methyl-2-oxopetane, decanoylcarnitine | Behenate, sebacate decanedione, arachidate, glutamate, aspartate, orotate, 2-keto-3-deoxyglutamate, galactitol, N-acetyl-aspartyl glutamate, fructose |
| 30 age-matched controls | 2–6 | |||||
| Graham et al., (158) | 11 individuals with ASD | 4–46 | Brain | LC-LTQ Orbitrap MS | N-carboxyethyl-γ-aminobutyric acid, 5,6-dihydrouridine, 3-methoxytyramine | N/A |
| 11 age-matched controls | 4–33 | |||||
| Kurochkin et al., (159) | 32 individuals with ASD | 2–60 | Brain | UPLC–MS/MS | Glutathione disulfide, 5-oxoproline | Glutathione, l-γ-glutamyl-cysteine, l-cysteinyl-glycine, |
| 40 age-matched controls | 0–62 | |||||