Table 1.

Relevant studies showing the association of social cognition with interoception.

Study	Participants	Instruments/methods	Main findings	Attributies/neural correlates of social cognition
Shah et al. (2017)	72 healthy adults	MASC, the heartbeat tracking task	Visceroception plays an important role in understanding emotion.	ToM
Fukushima et al. (2011)	21 healthy undergraduate students	EEG, ECG, the affective-judgment task, and the physical-judgment task	Visceroception may contribute to inferring the affective state of others.	Empathy
Grynberg and Pollatos (2015)	93 healthy undergraduate students	The Self-Assessment Manikin, the heartbeat perception task	Visceroception can shape both affective and cognitive empathy.	Empathy
Terasawa et al. (2014)	30 healthy undergraduate and graduate students	The heartbeat detection task and the emotional sensitivity task	Visceroception modulates the intensity of the emotional experience.	Empathy
Ernst et al. (2013)	18 healthy adults	fMRI, the empathy task, and the interoceptive task	The preceding visceral sensory awareness enhances neural activity in bilateral insula and various midline regions during empathy.	Empathy
Sedeño et al. (2014)	JM, a male patient with Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder and 10 age-matched healthy male	fMRI, the heartbeat detection task, and the empathy tasks	The impairments in the perception and integration of visceral information might lead to disruptions in affective empathic response.	Empathy
Haswell et al. (2009)	14 ASD children and 13 typically developing children	A motor task	The higher dependence on proprioception predicts the greater impairments in imitation.	Imitation
Izawa et al. (2012)	23 ASD children, 17 ADHD children, and 20 typically developing children	A motor task	Dependence on proprioception leads to impaired ability to imitate.	Imitation
Greenfield et al. (2015)	31 ASD children, 29 chronological age-matched children, and 29 verbal mental-age-matched children	A MIRAGE task	A greater reliance on proprioception would impact on sensitivity to social processes such as empathy and imitation.	Empathy and imitation
Tsakiris et al. (2006)	15 healthy adults	PET, the rubber hand illusion task	The proprioceptive behavioral data is positively correlated with activity in the right posterior insula and right frontal operculum.	Empathy/the anterior insula, the anterior cingulate cortex, and the midcingulate cortex.
Critchley et al. (2004)	17 healthy subjects	fMRI, the heartbeat detection task	The right anterior insula supports a representation of visceral responses.	Empathy/the anterior insula, the anterior cingulate cortex, and the midcingulate cortex.
Ronchi et al. (2015)	A patient with injured right insula and 16 age-matched healthy subjects	ECG, the heartbeat detection task	The insula plays a key role in interoceptive-cardiac processing.	Empathy/the anterior insula, the anterior cingulate cortex, and the midcingulate cortex.