Table 1.
Overview of studies investigating the post-exercise stimulation of myofibrillar protein synthesis with bolus whey protein ingestion.
| Participants | Body mass (kg) | Absolute protein intake (g) | Relative protein intake (g/kg) | Exercise modality | Active muscle (kg)a | Post-exercise MPSb | MPS increasec (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Areta et al. (28) | n = 8 M | 81 ± 11 | 20 | ~0.25 | Bilateral KE | ~7.2 | 1–4 h | ~147 |
| Areta et al. (28) | n = 8 M | 84 ± 11 | 40 | ~0.48 | Bilateral KE | ~7.4 | 1–4 h | ~134 |
| Burd et al. (29) | n = 8 M | 84 ± 9 | 20 | ~0.24 | Unilateral KE | ~3.8 | 0–5 h | ~166 |
| *Churchward-Venne et al. (30) | n = 8 M | 77 ± 11 | 25 | ~0.32 | Unilateral KE | ~3.4 | 0–5 h | ~171 |
| †MacNaughton et al. (31) | n = 15 M | 77 ± 5 | 20 | ~0.26 | Bilateral CP, LPD, LP, KE, LC | ~28.1 | 0–5 h | ~47 |
| †MacNaughton et al. (31) | n = 15 M | 77 ± 5 | 40 | ~0.52 | Bilateral CP, LPD, LP, KE, LC | ~28.1 | 0–5 h | ~84 |
| †MacNaughton et al. (31) | n = 15 M | 98 ± 8 | 20 | ~0.20 | Bilateral CP, LPD, LP, KE, LC | ~37.4 | 0–5 h | ~58 |
| †MacNaughton et al. (31) | n = 15 M | 98 ± 8 | 40 | ~0.41 | Bilateral CP, LPD, LP, KE, LC | ~37.4 | 0–5 h | ~83 |
| McGlory et al. (32) | n = 10, M | 80 ± 8 | 30 | ~0.37 | Unilateral LP, KE | ~10.8 | 0–3 h | ~221 |
| McKendry et al. (33) | n = 8, M | 83 ± 11 | 25 | ~0.30 | Bilateral LP, KE | ~22.3 | 0–4 h | ~139 |
| Moore et al. (12) | n = 7 M | 85 ± 12 | 25 | ~0.29 | Unilateral KE, LP | ~11.4 | 0–5 h | ~180 |
| Reidy et al. (34) | n = 8, M | 76 | 17.3 | ~0.23 | Bilateral KE | ~6.7 | 3–5 h | ~166 |
| ‡Reitelseder et al. (35) | n = 9 M | 79 ± 9 | 17.5 | ~0.22 | Unilateral KE | ~3.5 | 1–6 h | ~103 |
| ‡Reitelseder et al. (35) | n = 8 M | 74 ± 6 | 0 | 0 | Unilateral KE | ~3.3 | 1–6 h | ~81 |
| *West et al. (36) | n = 8 M | 84 ± 12 | 25 | ~0.30 | Unilateral BC | ~2.0 | 0–3 h | ~150 |
| *West et al. (36) | n = 8 M | 84 ± 12 | 25 | ~0.30 | Unilateral BC, Bilateral LP, KE, LC | ~24.7 | 0–3 h | ~129 |
| West et al. (37) | n = 8 M | 80 ± 10 | 25 | ~0.31 | Bilateral KE | ~7.1 | 1–5 h | ~150 |
| West et al. (38) | n = 8 M | 77 ± 11 | 25 | ~0.32 | Bilateral LP, KE, LC | ~20.8 | 1–5 h | ~160 |
| West et al. (38) | n = 8 F | 67 ± 6 | 25 | ~0.37 | Bilateral LP, KE, LC | ~19.5 | 1–5 h | ~124 |
| Witard et al. (23) | n = 12 M | 83 ± 15 | 0 | 0 | Unilateral KE | ~3.7 | 0–4 h | ~59 |
| Witard et al. (23) | n = 12 M | 84 ± 6 | 10 | ~0.12 | Unilateral KE | ~3.7 | 0–4 h | ~84 |
| Witard et al. (23) | n = 12 M | 83 ± 7 | 20 | ~0.24 | Unilateral KE | ~3.7 | 0–4 h | ~119 |
| Witard et al. (23) | n = 12 M | 79 ± 10 | 40 | ~0.51 | Unilateral KE | ~3.5 | 0–4 h | ~141 |
MPS, myofibrillar protein synthesis; M, males; F, females; KE, knee extension; LP, leg press; BC, biceps curl; LC, leg curl; LPB, latissimus pull down; VL, vastus lateralis; BB, biceps brachii.
Control MPS estimated from Moore et al. (39), which utilized identical ring-[13C6]phenylalanine tracer methodology.
Control MPS rested 0 g from Witard et al. (23).
Control MPS estimated as median value from Smith et al. (27) for L-[13C]leucine infusion with [13C]ketoisocaproate acid enrichment as the precursor.
Active muscle mass estimated by first assuming total leg skeletal muscle mass represents ~29 and ~27% of total body mass for females and males, respectively, and total arm skeletal muscle mass represents ~9.5% of total body mass for males (40). These values were then divided in half to obtain the estimated single arm and single leg muscle mass and multiplied by 0.5 for BC exercise (i.e., ~50% of total arm muscle activated during arm flexion), 0.33 for KE exercise (i.e., ~33% of total leg muscle mass activated during knee extension), and 1.0 for LP exercise (i.e., ~100% of total leg muscle mass activated during leg press). Total active muscle mass was the sum of the estimated active muscle mass for each arm and/or leg.
Represents duration over which MPS was measured after exercise.
MPS increase above control MPS.