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. 2019 Sep 10;13:955. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00955

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Copyright © 2019 West, Amin, Farhin, Stanisz, Mao and Kunze.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Reduced colonic motor activity could be partially restored by intraluminal application of the aminosterol squalamine. (A) Intraluminal squalamine (10 μM) increased sample colonic MMC velocity in aged mice (N = 10). (B) Intraluminal squalamine and colonic MMC frequency in aged mice. (C) Intraluminal squalamine increased colonic MMC amplitude in aged mice. 3D spatiotemporal heat maps display MMC contractions over time (x-axis) and distance (y-axis). Areas of contraction or small diameter are red, while areas of relaxation or larger diameter are yellow to green for (D) a young mouse during Krebs control, (E) an old mouse during Krebs control, and (F) an old mouse after intraluminal treatment with squalamine. Data represented as mean with SEM, paired t-tests, two-tailed.