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. 2019 Sep 10;13:891. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00891

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Copyright © 2019 Krasoulis, Vijayakumar and Nazarpour.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Experimental setup. Surface EMG electrodes were placed on subjects' forearm below the elbow in two rows of equally spaced electrodes. (A) Palmar and (B) dorsal views of the forearm. Refer to main text for details on number of electrodes used for able-bodied and amputee participants. (C,D) Bilateral mirrored movement training. Able-bodied and amputee participants shown during initial data collection. Muscle activity was recorded from the participants' right forearm (i.e., the remnant limb for amputees), whereas hand kinematic data were recorded from the participants' left hand with an 18-DOF data glove. (E,F) Real-time posture matching task. Able-bodied and amputee participants shown while they modulate their muscle activity to control the finger positions of the robotic hand. The target postures for the shown trials were (E) full cylindrical grip and (F) half index flexion.