Table 4.

Studies reporting the effects of surface functionalization of substrates on cells.

Material/Substrates	Properties	Cell Type	Effects	Ref.
PDMS Topography: 500, 800, 1000, 1500, and 3000 nm width parallel grooves (400 nm depth)	Functionalization with Matrigel, laminin-111, laminin-211, gelatin, RGD peptide, fibronectin, collagen I, and collagen IV	hESCs	Myotubes aligned perpendicularly on matrigel-functionalized 800 nm nanogrooved substrate through DAPC-mediated cytoskeleton–ECM linkage	[65]
PDMS Topography: Nanopillars, microwells, and micropillars	Functionalization: Fibronectin mixed with collagen I (FC) and laminin mixed with chondroitin sulfate	Human corneal endothelial cells	Micropillars functionalized with FC had high Na+/K+ ATPase and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) expression, resulting in enhanced circularity	[66]
Titanium (Ti)	Functionalization: Allylamine plasma polymer layer (PPAAm)	MG-63 osteoblastic cells	Amino groups promoted focal contact formation, such as vinculin, paxillin, p-FAK	[71]
Au	Functionalization: Self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiols like 1-dodecanethiol [*CH3 (hydrophobic)], 11-mercapto-1-undecanol [*OH (neutral and hydrophilic)], 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid [*COOH (negatively charged at pH 7.4)], and 12-amino-1-mercaptododecane [*NH2 (positively charged at pH 7.4)] * - functional groups	MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cells	OH- and NH2-terminated Au surfaces resulted in the selective binding of α5β1 and αVβ3 integrin for better focal adhesion composition, osteoblast differentiation, signaling, and mineralization	[72]