Table 10.
Mechanotransduction causes nuclear changes and regulates gene expression.
| Nuclear Changes | Main Findings | Ref. |
|---|---|---|
| Chromatin recombination | Micropattern-induced reduction of HDAC3 nuclear localization results in decondensation of chromatin. Gene transcription is regulated by chromatin compaction. |
[154] |
| Decrease of Emd at the inner membrane of the nucleus by extrinsic biaxial mechanical strain leads to the reduction of H3K9me2,3 on chromatin and rearrangements of chromatin for the regulation of gene expression. | [155] | |
| There are rearrangements of specific chromosomes containing the genes that are regulated by cell geometries. These rearrangements are caused by physical cues from the patterns of cell culturing substrates. | [156] | |
| Chromatin deformation by magnetic force-induced local stress on CHO cells upregulates the DHFR expression. | [124] | |
| Nuclear matrix distortion | Enhancement of tissue-specific differentiation by mechanotransduction through nuclear lamin A High level of lamin A of cells on stiff matrix stabilizes the nucleus, lamina, and chromatin, which may affect the epigenetic stability and the extent of DNA breaks. Tissue-specific gene expression is regulated by lamin A levels. |
[122] |
| Acute perturbations of ECM elasticity results in alterations in the levels of lamin A and DNA damage. Slow degradation of lamin A by low phosphorylation leads to lower DNA damage in contractile cells cultured on stiff ECM. |
[157] | |
| There are synergetic effects of collagen matrix rigidity and retinoids on the differentiation of MSCs to osteoblasts. Retinoic acid receptor transcription factors regulate the expression of lamin A. |
[158] | |
| Nuclear transport | A mechanotransduction-induced stretch of nuclear pores leads to increase of YAP nuclear localization on stiff ECM. | [159] |
| A mechanotransduction-induced stretch of nuclei during cell spreading caused the release of perinuclear Ca2+ and elevation of Ca2+ level in the nucleus | [160] | |
| Translocation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 and elevation of Ca2+ by nuclear swelling | [161] | |
| DNA melting | Tethering of destabilized DNA regions on MARs results in melting of the double helix. | [162] |