Table 5.

Role of MN controllers in mammalian sperm physiology, where known.

Node Name	Node Degree	Bottleneck Score	Function (with Focus on Mammalian Spermatozoa Physiology)
AD	36	82
PKA	30	88	Key effector of the bicarbonate-dependent cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway that leads to the control of p-Tyr of sperm proteins during capacitation. Its activation is correlated to a myriad of biochemical events.
CDC42	34	34	Controller of cell cycle, controller of sperm AD.
SRC	28	23	A non-receptor tyrosine kinase protein that in humans is encoded by the SRC gene. This protein phosphorylates specific tyrosine residues in other tyrosine kinases. An elevated level of activity of c-Src tyrosine kinase is suggested to be linked to cancer progression by promoting other signals. Mutations in this gene could be involved in the malignant progression of colon cancer.
CCNA2	22	14	Controller of cell cycle, controller of sperm AD.
cAMP	19	13	Second messenger of the bicarbonate-dependent cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway.
AKAP3	19	13	It is expressed in spermatozoa and localized to the acrosomal region of the sperm head, as well as the length of the principal piece. It may function as a regulator of motility, capacitation, and the acrosome reaction (AR)
CDK1	24	6	Controller of cell cycle, controller of sperm AD.
ACTA1	15	15	Polymerizes and depolymerizes during capacitation.
BUB1	20	7	It plays a key role in the establishment of the mitotic spindle checkpoint and chromosome congression.
[Ca2+]i	15	12	Second messenger involved in virtually all the biochemical event related to the capacitation.
RhoA	13	12	It interacts with proteins involved in capacitation and the AR, and RhoA signaling in sperm may be targeted by AKAPs.