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Diatrizoic acid cytotoxic effects on cell viability in HK-2 cells using trypan blue exclusion. DA diminished cell viability at 24 h (C) but not at 2 h (A) or 8 h (B). Different letters (a–c) above each bar indicate statistical difference (p < 0.05) when comparing all DA concentrations across all time points. Values represent mean ± SEM for three independent experiments.
