Table 1.

Climate change impacts on vector-borne diseases [23].

Impacts of Temperature on Certain Vectors and Vector-Borne Pathogens	Impacts of Changes in Precipitation on Vector-Borne Pathogens	Impacts of Higher Sea Level on Vector-Borne Pathogens
Vector Vector survival can increase or decrease depending on species [8]. Some vectors have an increased survival rate at higher temperatures, higher altitudes and latitudes [28]. Vector susceptibility to some pathogens varies (e.g., an increase in temperature lessens the size and lowers the activity of some vectors) [29]. Vector population’s growth rate can be changed [30]. Fluctuations in rate of feeding and host contact can change the survival rate. Alteration in population’s seasonality [31].	Vector Larval habitat and population size may increase due to the increased rain by providing new habitat. Snowpack and excess rain can eradicate habitat due to flooding (declining vector population). Lower rainfall can provide habitat by triggering rivers to dry into pools, resulting in dry season malaria. Lower rainfall can lead to a rise of container-breeding mosquitoes by imposed increased water storage. [27,32] Longer rainfall events can coordinate vector host-seeking and transmission of virus. Increased humidity can influence vector survival. [33]	Vector Reducing or eradicating breeding sites of mosquitoes (e.g., Cs. melanura). The relationship between vector biology and climatic conditions is complex due to the natural capability of vectors to seek out appropriate microclimates for their survival such as hiding places under vegetation, pit toilets during hot or dry weather and tunnels during cold weather [23].
Pathogen At higher temperatures, decrease in extrinsic incubation period of pathogens [34]. Variations in transmission season. Variations in distribution. Lower viral replication [29].	Pathogen Some direct effects but humidity significantly impacts on the malaria-causing parasite growth in the host (anopheline mosquito) [35].
	Vertebrate host High rainfall can influence vegetation, food accessibility. and size of population. Elevated rainfall can cause flooding, which leads to a reduced population size but increases human contact.