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. 2019 Aug 30;16(17):3171. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16173171

Table 1.

Major studies reporting type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remission rates after surgical or lifestyle interventions and the respective remission criteria.

Study Study Population Characteristics Study Design Intervention T2DM Remission Endpoint
Pories et al. (1995) [42] morbidly obese, T2DM, prediabetes Retrospective cohort RYGB “Normal” levels of FPG, HbA1c
Wittgrove et al. (2000) [43] Morbidly obese Prospective cohort RYGB Medication withdrawal and “normal” HbA1c
Dixon et al. (2002) [44] BMI > 35 kg/m2, T2DM Prospective cohort AGB “Normal” levels of FPG, HbA1c, fasting insulin, c-peptide
Sugerman et al. (2003) [45] Morbidly obese Retrospective cohort GBP FPG ≤ 120 mg/dL off medication
Schauer et al. (2003) [46] morbidly obese, T2DM Prospective cohort RYGB “Normal” levels of FPG, HbA1c, medication withdrawal
Scopinaro et al. (2005) [47] obese, T2DM Retrospective cohort BPD FPG < 110 mg/dL, ≥ 125 mg/dL for relapse
Dixon et al. (2008) [48] BMI 30–40 kg/m2
T2DM duration < 2 years		 RCT AGB FPG < 126 mg/dL, HbA1c < 6.2% off medication
Studies after ADA consensus panel definition (2009)
Iaconelli et al. (2011) [49] BMI > 35 kg/m2
newly diagnosed T2DM 		Open case-control BPD ADA definition #
Kehagias et al. (2011) [50] BMI < 50 kg/m2 RCT VSG, RYGB Glucose values below diabetic range during 2h-OGTT, off medication
Schauer et al. (2012) (STAMPEDE) [51] BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2
uncontrolled T2DM		 RCT VSG, RYGB HbA1c < 6%
Mingrone et al. (2012) [52] BMI ≥ 5 kg/m2
T2DM duration ≥ 5 years, HbA1c ≥7%		 RCT BPD, RYGB FPG < 100 mg/dL and HbA1c < 6.5% off medication for ≥ 1 year
Carlsson et al. (2012) (SOS cohort) [53] BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 Prospective cohort RYGB, AGB or VBG FPG < 110 mg/dL off medication
Adams et al. (2012) [54] BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 Prospective cohort RYGB “Normal” levels of FPG, HbA1c off medication
Gregg et al. (2012) (Look AHEAD) [55] BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 RCT ILI FPG < 126 mg/dL and HbA1c < 6.5%
off medication
Arteburn et al. (2013) [56] T2DM Retrospective cohort RYGB ADA definition #
Liang et al. (2013) [57] BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2
T2DM duration 5–10 years		 RCT RYGB, exenatide Normal FPG, HbA1c off medication
Arteburn et al. (2013) [58] BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2
T2DM		 Retrospective cohort RYGB, AGB, VSG, other FPG < 126 mg/dL and/or HbA1c<6.5% off medication for ≥90 days
Wentworth et al. (2014) [59] BMI 25–30 kg/m2 RCT AGB Glucose values below diabetic range during 2h-OGTT, 2 days off medication
Courcoulas et al. (2014) [60] BMI 30–40 kg/m2 RCT AGB, RYGB ADA definition #
Halperin et al. (2014) [61] BMI 30–42 kg/m2
T2DM duration ≥ 1 year		 RCT RYGB FPG < 126mg/dL and HbA1c < 6.5%
Risstad et al. (2015) [62] BMI 50–60 kg/m2 RCT RYGB, BPD ADA definition #
Yska et al. (2015) [63] BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 Retrospective cohort RYGB, VSG, AGB, other HbA1c < 6% off medication
Cummings et al. (2016) (CROSSROADS) [64] BMI 30–45 kg/m2 RCT RYGB HbA1c < 6% off medication
Purnell et al. (2016) (LABS-2) [65] BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 Prospective cohort RYGB, AGB HbA1c < 6.5% or FPG ≤ 6.9 mmol/L
off medication
Salminen, et al. (2018) (SLEEVEPASS) [66] Morbidly obese RCT VSG, RYGB ADA definition #
Lean et al. (2018) (DiRECT) [17] BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 RCT ILI HbA1c < 6.5%, at least 2 months off medication
Madesin et al. (2019) [67] BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 Population-based cohort RYGB HbA1c < 6.5% off medication or
HbA1c < 6% on metformin monotherapy

ADA: American Diabetes Association; AGB: adjustable gastric banding; BMI: body mass index; BPD: biliopancreatic diversion; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; GBP: gastric bypass; ILI: intensive lifestyle intervention; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; RCT: randomized clinical trial; RYGB: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; SG: sleeve gastrectomy; SOS: Swedish Obese Subjects; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; VBG: vertical banded gastroplasty. # See Section 4 for definition.