Figure 16.

Example of INMJ. (a) Cross-section of a co-axial nozzle assembly model. (b) Schematic of the fabrication of the hollow filament (c) photography of a printed alginate hollow filaments (left) and inverted microscopic image of the hollow filaments (top right). Perfusion of the filament with cell culture media (bottom right). Reprinted from Coaxial nozzle-assisted 3D bioprinting with built-in microchannels for nutrients delivery, showing a co-axial needle allowing to print hollow filament using a core–shell concept. Gao et al. Copyright (2015), with permission from Elsevier [94].