Table 4.

Prospective observational studies assessing the impact of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in Parkinson’s disease PD patients.

N° Patients	Population Characteristic	Type and Dose Supplementation	Exposure Period	Results	References
8006	PD Honolulu-Asia Aging Study	Food frequency questionnaire	30 years	Omega-3 PUFAs appeared protective.	[48]
5289	PD Rotterdam Study The Netherlands	Semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire	6 years	Intakes of omega-3 PUFAs were significantly associated with a lower risk of PD.	[49]
131,368	PD Health Professionals Follow-Up Study and the Nurses’ Health Study USA	Semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire	16 years	High intakes of fruit, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, poultry, and fish were associated with a lower risk of PD.	[50]
249	PD Japan	Self-administered diet history questionnaire	6 years	Consumption of omega-3 PUFA, ALA, EPA, DHA was not associated with PD.	[51]