Table 9.

Overview of studies dealing with plasma electrical discharges in dielectric media.

No	Type of Oil	Electrode Geometry	Streamer Polarity	Gap (cm)	Description	Reference
1	Commercial mineral transformer oil	Point-plane	Negative	0.5–35	Grounded plane in the oil. Voltage: 460 kV.	[328]
2	Mineral oil	Point-plane	Positive	2.5–30	Under impulse voltage. System bandwidth ~35 MHz, voltage: 500 kV, impulses: 0.4/1400 µs.	[321]
3	Transformer oil	Point-plane	Negative, positive	0.3	Pulse duration: 0–10 µs, voltage: 50, 70 kV.	[319]
4	Pharmaceutical grade white oil	Point-plane	Negative, positive	8	Bush-like filamentary streamers. Voltage: 0–500 kV.	[334]
5	Mineral oil	Point-plane	Positive	5–10	High voltage Impulses: 0.4/1400 µs, voltage: 102, 138, 184 kV.	[341]
6	Cyclohexane with pyrene additive	Point-plane	Positive	0.6, 5	Voltage: 4–450 kV, high voltage Impulses: 0.4/1400 µs.	[331]
7	Silicone oil, transformer oil	Point-plane	Positive	0.2–0.3	Voltage: 24 kV.	[314]
8	Mineral oil	Point-plane	Positive	2–10	Voltage: 104–352 kV.	[326]
9	Insulating oil	Point-point, point-plane	Negative, positive	Point-point: 15–30, 45–60 Point-plane: 15–45, 60–100	Frequency of applied voltage: 50 Hz, lightning impulse voltage duration: 1/40 µs, switching impulse voltage duration: 600/3600 µs.	[342]
10	Transformer oi	Sphere-plane	Negative, positive	30, 60	AC voltage: 800 kV, duration of the discharge: 50–100 ns.	[343]
11	Insulating oil	Point-plane	Negative, positive	1–7	Strong non-uniform field at voltages up to 700 kV.	[323]
12	Transformer oil	Point-plane	Positive	5–20	Under step and AC voltages. Positive impulse: 1.2/700 µs, voltage: 500 kV.	[324]
13	Oil	Point-plane	Negative, positive	7.62	Impulsive 1.5/40 µs wave. Crest voltage for positive streamer: 190 kV, for negative streamer: 240 kV.	[318]
14	Silicon oil	–	–	–	60 MHz (HF)/2 MHz (LF) dual frequency capacitively coupled plasma. Power: 165 W and 100 W, base pressure: 0.5 mPa, work pressure: 50 Pa, discharge gas: C2F6 and CHF3, gas flow: 30 sccm, time: 30 min.	[344]
14	Mineral oil	Point-plane	Negative, positive	10, 20, 35	Under impulse voltage. Positive impulse: 1.2/1400 µs, voltage: 470 kV	[327]
15	Synthetic and natural ester transformer liquids	Point-plane	Negative, positive	1.5–10	Standard lightening impulse duration: 1.2/50 µs, voltage: 60, 80, 110, 230, −70, −110, −210, −290, −320 kV.	[336]
16	Mineral oil	point-plane, sphere-plane	Negative, positive	10, 30, 60, 80	AC voltage: 325, 625 kV.	[325]
17	Natural ester liquid	Point-plane	Negative, positive	2–20	Voltage up to 460 kV, impulse: 0.5/1400 µs.	[335]
18	Commercial naphthenic transformer oil	Point-plane	Negative, positive	6.7	Voltage for positive point: 188, 165 kV, for negative point: 300 kV, impulse: 1/180 µs.	[320]
19	Brazilian heavy crude oil containing emulsified water	–	–	2	DBD plasma using different gases: CO2, H2 and natural gas. Time: 1, 1.5, 4 h, voltage: 13 kV.	[340]
20	Heavy oil and cokes from petrochemical refinery processes	–	–	5	2.45 GHz microwave cold water plasma. Time: 30 min, power: 80 W.	[337]
21	Heavy oil	Packed-bed, plate-plate	–	Packed-bed: 5–25 Plate-plate: 0.3–1	Packed-bed reactor: 60 Hz AC voltage for Ar spark discharge, gas flow: 50–400 mL/min, power: 5–25 W. Plate-plate reactor: 50/60 Hz AC current, voltage: 9 kV, Ar gas flow: 50–400 mL/min, power: 3–12 W.	[338]
22	Heavy oil	Plate-plate	–	0.3–1	60 Hz AC voltage 9 kV, Ar flow rate: 225 mL/min, power: 3–12 W.	[339]