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Effect of EXD and selective inhibitor LY294002 on (A) AKT, (B) HO-1, and (C) Nrf2 expression (magnification, ×650). Cells were incubated with or without 20 μM LY294002, 5 μM ZnPP-IX, 100 μg/ml EXD, and 10 ng/ml TNF-α for 24 h. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 compared to the control group. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 compared to the TNF-α group.
