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. 2019 Sep 3;12(17):2840. doi: 10.3390/ma12172840

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Surface decoration of TiO₂ thin film (with nanocracks) by TiO₂ NPs fabricated by sol-gel synthesis: (a) SEM micrographs (having same scale bar of 500 nm) in cross section and top view (inset) configuration. (i) Bare TiO₂ thin film with nanocrack networks after heat treatment; (ii) TiO₂ thin film with thin NPs layer; (iii) TiO₂ thin film with thick (180 nm) NPs layer. The corresponding curves for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) are depicted in (b). (Details are given in Supplementary Materials).