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. 2018 Nov 21;26(9):1582–1599. doi: 10.1038/s41418-018-0226-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Vps26a deficiency leads to the maintenance of stemness during ESC-mediated neurogenesis. a Effect of Vps26a deficiency on changes in alkaline phosphatase (AP) staining during neural differentiation (ND). Wild-type (WT; +/+) and Vps26a^-/- (-/-) ESCs were differentiated in neurobasal medium (NBM) for the indicated time periods and subjected to AP staining. Cell clusters with differentiated morphologies are indicated by yellow dotted lines. Scale bar, 50 μm. b AP activities of WT and Vps26a^-/- ESCs differentiated for 6 days indicated by scoring of the signal intensities of at least 60 colonies from three independent experiments. c The number of WT and Vps26a^-/- cells during ND for 8 days. Error bars indicate the means ± standard deviation (SD; n = 3). ^***P < 0.001 compared with WT cells each day during ND. d, e Effect of Vps26a deficiency on expression levels of ESC stemness-associated genes. +/+ and -/- ESCs cultured in NBM for the indicated days analyzed by semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (semi-qPCR) (d) and western blotting (e) analyses of Oct3/4 and Nanog. β-actin and GAPDH were used as loading controls. e–i Immunoblotting quantification of (e). Quantification of band density relative to GAPDH control (n = 3 for each group). Error bars are ± SD. ^*P < 0.05; ^***P < 0.001 compared with +/+ cells each day during ND. f Double-label immunocytochemical analysis of Oct3/4 (green) and MAP2 (red) during neural differentiation for 2 or 6 days. DAPI staining data are shown as insets to the merged images. Scale bar, 50 μm. f–i Quantitative analysis of the fluorescence. Percentage of fluorescence/DAPI-positive cells (n = 3 for each group). Error bars are ± SD. ^*P < 0.05; ^**P < 0.01; ^***P < 0.001 vs. WT ND 2 days