Table 1.
Usual limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of benzodiazepines by gas chromatography (GC-MS).
| Benzodiazepines | Method (GC-MS) | Sample type | Reference | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Instrument ID 9252 | Instrument ID 9700 | |||||
| LOQ (ng/mL) | LOD (ng/mL) | LOQ (ng/mL) | LOD (ng/mL) | |||
| Alpha-hydroxyalprazolam | 5.53 | 5.53 | 5.70 | 5.70 | Urine | [18] |
| Oxazepam | 24.66 | 19.31 | 15.61 | 5.62 | ||
| Lorazepam | 6.13 | 6.13 | 26.30 | 26.30 | ||
| Nordiazepam | 7.72 | 7.72 | 14.98 | 14.98 | ||
| Temazepam | 14.99 | 14.99 | 14.56 | 14.56 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Benzodiazepines∗ | LOQ (ng/mL) | LOD (ng/mL) | ||||
| 0.52–58.47 | 1.58–177.2 | Whole blood | [15] | |||
| Benzodiazepines∗∗ | 0.72–1.89 | 0.24–0.62 | [13] | |||
|
| ||||||
| DRUID∗∗∗ cutoff (ng/ml) | ||||||
| Alprazolam, clonazeoam, flunitrazepam, lorazepam, nordiazepam | 1 | Oral fluid | [10] | |||
| Diazepam, oxazepam | 5 | |||||
∗Diazepam, nordazepam, oxazepam, bromazepam, alprazolam, lorazepam, medazepam, flurazepam, fludiazepam, tetrazepam, chlordiazepoxide, clobazam, midazolam, flunitrazepam, 7-aminoflunitrazepam, triazolam, prazepam, nimetazepam, temazepam, lormetazepam, clonazepam, and camazepam. ∗∗7-Aminoclonazepam, α–OH–alprazolam, α–OH–midazolam, alprazolam, bromazepam, clonazepam, diazepam, flunitrazepam, lorazepam, midazolam, nitrazepam, nordazepam, oxazepam, temazepam, and triazolam. ∗∗∗The European Union project Driving under the Influence of Drugs (DRUID).