Table 2.
Effects of air pollutants on DNA-methylation in newborns and children.
| Xenobiotic | Population | Sample | Exposure association | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Change | Sequence | ||||
| PM2.5 | Mother-newborn pairs from Belgium (n = 240) | Placenta | + | Global methylation | [37] |
| PM10 | Fetal growth restriction newborns (n = 80) and normal newborns from China (n = 101) | Placenta | + – |
LINE1 HSD11B2 |
[38] |
| PM2.5 | Hispanic and non-Hispanic children from USA (n = 940) | Buccal cells | + | iNOS, NOS3 | [39,40] |
| PAHsa | Dominican and African American pregnant women-newborn pairs from USA (n = 56) | Cord blood cells | + | ACSL3 | [41] |
| PAHsa DNA-PAH adducts |
Dominican and African American pregnant women-newborn pairs from USA (n = 164) | Cord blood cells | – + |
Global methylation Global methylation |
[42] |
| PAHsa | Dominican and African American pregnant women-newborn pairs from USA (n = 53) | Cord blood cells | + | IFNγ | [43] |
| PAHsb | Atopic children from USA (n = 256) | Blood cells | + | FOXP3 | [45] |
| PAHsc (benzo[b]fluorantene) |
Children from Mexico City (n = 150) | Blood cells | + | LINE1 | [46] |
| Pyrenec 8-OHdG |
+ | PARP1 | |||
+ Increased methylation. – Decreased methylation. ETS (Environmental tobacco exposure). LINE1 (Long interspersed nuclear element 1). HSD11B2 (11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2). iNOS (Inducible oxide nitric sinthetase). NOS3 (Nitric oxide synthase 3 expressed in endothelial cells). ACLS3 (Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 3). IL4 (Interleukin 4). IFNγ (Interferon gamma). IFT140 (Intraflagellar transport 140). FOXP3 (Forkhead box protein P3). PARP1 (Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1). aPAH concentrations was obtained from personal monitoring. bPAH concentration was obtained from daily at the EPA Supersite. cPAH content in PM10.