Skip to main content
. 2019 Sep 17;2019(9):CD003248. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003248.pub4

Comparison 6. DCC with immediate neonatal care after cord clamping vs UCM (subgroup analysis by type of intervention).

Outcome or subgroup title No. of studies No. of participants Statistical method Effect size
1 Death of baby (up to discharge) 3 322 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 2.14 [0.93, 4.93]
1.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 3 322 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 2.14 [0.93, 4.93]
1.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2 Death or neurodevelopmental impairment at age two to three years 2 195 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.67 [0.78, 3.57]
2.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 2 195 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.67 [0.78, 3.57]
2.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3 Severe intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH grades 3, 4) 1 58 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 2.63 [0.11, 61.88]
3.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 1 58 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 2.63 [0.11, 61.88]
3.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4 Intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH, all grades) 2 125 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.32 [0.55, 3.17]
4.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 2 125 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.32 [0.55, 3.17]
4.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5 Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) 1 58 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 1 58 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6 Chronic lung disease (CLD) ‐ oxygen supplement at 36 weeks (corrected for gestation) 2 125 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.53 [0.43, 5.48]
6.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 2 125 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.53 [0.43, 5.48]
6.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7 Maternal blood loss of 500 mL or greater 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8 Intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH, grades 1 & 2) 1 58 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.74 [0.48, 6.30]
8.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 1 58 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.74 [0.48, 6.30]
8.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9 Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) confirmed by X ray or laparotomy) 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10 Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
11 Respiratory support (ventilator or CPAP) 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
11.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
11.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
11.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
11.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
11.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
11.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
11.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
12 Duration of respiratory support (days) 1 67 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.80 [‐2.01, 5.61]
12.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
12.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 1 67 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.80 [‐2.01, 5.61]
12.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
12.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
12.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
12.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
12.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
13 Surfactant treatment (for severe RDS) 1 58 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.19 [0.66, 2.13]
13.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
13.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 1 58 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.19 [0.66, 2.13]
13.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
13.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
13.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
13.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
13.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
14 Treatment for Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) (medical and/or surgical) 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
14.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
14.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
14.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
14.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
14.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
14.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
14.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
15 Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity (RoP) 1 67 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.73 [0.23, 2.35]
15.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
15.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 1 67 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.73 [0.23, 2.35]
15.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
15.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
15.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
15.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
15.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
16 Hyperbilirubinemia (treated by phototherapy) 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
16.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
16.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
16.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
16.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
16.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
16.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
16.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
17 Inotropics for low blood pressure 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
17.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
17.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
17.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
17.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
17.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
17.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
17.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
18 Low Apgar as defined by trialists (generally < 8 at 5 mins) 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
18.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
18.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
18.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
18.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
18.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
18.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
18.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
19 Blood transfusion in infant 1 58 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.77 [0.48, 1.22]
19.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
19.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 1 58 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.77 [0.48, 1.22]
19.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
19.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
19.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
19.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
19.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
20 Volume of blood transfused 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
20.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
20.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
20.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
20.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
20.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
20.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
20.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
21 Late sepsis (after 3 days or as defined by trialists) 1 58 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.87 [0.06, 13.27]
21.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
21.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 1 58 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.87 [0.06, 13.27]
21.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
21.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
21.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
21.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
21.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
22 Hydrocephalus 2 116 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
22.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
22.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 2 116 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
22.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
22.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
22.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
22.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
22.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
23 Temperature < 36.0oC within 1 hour of birth 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
23.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
23.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
23.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
23.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
23.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
23.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
23.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
24 Hb within 1st 24 hour of birth (g/dL) 1 58 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.20 [‐1.57, 1.17]
24.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
24.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 1 58 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.20 [‐1.57, 1.17]
24.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
24.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
24.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
24.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
24.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
25 Mean arterial blood pressure (subgrouped by time after birth) 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
25.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
25.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
25.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
25.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
25.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
25.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
25.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
26 Length of infant stay in NICU 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
26.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
26.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
26.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
26.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
26.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
26.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
26.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
27 Home oxygen 1 58 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.29 [0.01, 6.88]
27.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
27.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 1 58 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.29 [0.01, 6.88]
27.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
27.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
27.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
27.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
27.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
28 Neurodevelopmental impairment at age two to three years 2 174 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.18 [0.04, 32.88]
28.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
28.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 2 174 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.18 [0.04, 32.88]
28.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
28.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
28.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
28.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
28.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
29 Severe visual impairment 1 39 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
29.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
29.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 1 39 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
29.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
29.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
29.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
29.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
29.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
30 Cerebral palsy (CP) 1 39 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
30.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
30.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 1 39 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
30.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
30.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
30.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
30.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
30.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
31 Manual removal of placenta (denominator = vaginal births) 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
31.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
31.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
31.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
31.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
31.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
31.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
31.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
32 Prolonged third stage (>30 minutes) (denominator = vaginal births) 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
32.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
32.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
32.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
32.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
32.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
32.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
32.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
33 Blood transfusion for mother 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
33.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
33.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
33.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
33.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
33.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
33.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
33.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
34 Postpartum infection in mother 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
34.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
34.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
34.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
34.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
34.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
34.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
34.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
35 Rhesus isoimmunisation 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
35.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
35.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
35.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
35.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
35.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
35.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
35.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
36 Psychological well being in mother 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
36.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
36.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
36.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
36.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
36.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
36.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
36.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
37 Bonding 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
37.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
37.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
37.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
37.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
37.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
37.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
37.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
38 Breastfeeding initiation 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
38.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
38.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
38.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
38.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
38.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
38.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
38.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
39 Fully breastfed or mixed feeding at infant discharge 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
39.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
39.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
39.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
39.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
39.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
39.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
39.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
40 Maternal anxiety 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
40.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
40.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
40.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
40.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
40.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
40.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
40.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
41 Mothers' views 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
41.1 DCC < 1 min and baby level with uterus 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
41.2 DCC < 1 min and baby held low 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
41.3 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
41.4 DCC 1‐2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
41.5 DCC > 2 mins and baby level with uterus 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
41.6 DCC > 2 mins and baby held low 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
41.7 Mixed interventions or unclear 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]