Table 2.
Comparison of Demographic Characteristics, Clinical Characteristics, and Self-Reported Disability Between South African and US Participants.
| South Africa | United States | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | n (%) or Mean (SD)a | n | n (%) or Mean (SD) | P Valuea | |
| Demographic characteristics | |||||
| Female | 1016 | 732 (72.0%) | 126 | 40 (31.7%) | <.001 |
| Age, years | 1016 | 41.82 (8.28) | 126 | 49.60 (10.52) | <.001 |
| Employed | 1016 | 392 (38.6%) | 126 | 31 (24.6%) | .002 |
| Clinical characteristics | |||||
| Years since HIV diagnosis | 946 | 7.59 (4.59) | 121 | 15.07 (8.42) | <.001 |
| Diabetes | 1016 | 24 (2.4%) | 118 | 24 (20.3%) | <.001 |
| Tuberculosis | 1016 | 257 (25.3%) | 119 | 0 (0%) | <.001 |
| Depression | 1016 | 610 (60.0%) | 123 | 66 (53.7%) | .174 |
| Muscle pain | 1014 | 475 (46.8%) | 117 | 58 (49.6%) | .576 |
| Adherent to ARTb | 1016 | 876 (86.2%) | 121 | 111 (91.7%) | .09 |
| CD4 count, cells/mm3c | 959 | 396.70 (263.71) | 122 | 629.13 (285.56) | <.001 |
| WHO-DAS 2.0 12-item score | |||||
| Presenced (unadjusted) | 1016 | 521 (51.3%) | 127 | 110 (86.6%) | <.001 |
| Severitye,f (unadjusted mean) | 1016 | 8.3 (6.27) | 127 | 12.09 (6.96) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; CES-D 10, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale 10; SD, standard deviation; WHODOS, World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule.
aCountry differences for categorical variables computed using χ2 test. Differences for age and self-reported years with HIV computed using independent t tests. Difference for CD4 count computed using Mann-Whitney U test. Difference for disability presence computed using χ2. Difference for disability severity computed using independent t test.
bIn United States, adherent if electronic medical record suggested 90% or higher adherence to ART; in South Africa, adherent if score on CASE Adherence Index score ≥10.31
cFor CD4 counts, values are reported as median (interquartile range).
dDichotomous variable (WHODAS 2.0 12-item score of 0 indicative of no disability; score of 1 or >1 indicative of disability).
eScore from WHODAS 2.0 12-item (range: 0-36, higher scores indicative of more severe disability).
fSeverity scores reported for participants who had a presence of disability (scored ≥1 out of 36 on the WHODAS 2.0 12-item).