Figure 1.

Effect of cigarette smoke (CS) on levels of ROS and autophagy markers in the lungs of mice exposed to CS for different durations (n = 10 per group). Dichlorofluorescein (DCF) level (a), SESN2 protein levels (b), AMPK and mTOR phosphorylation (c), ULK1 phosphorylation (d), ATG12 protein levels (e), LC3B protein levels (f), and representative western blot analysis of the evaluated proteins (g) in control (non-exposed group) and for different days of CS exposure (7, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days). Data are expressed as the mean and standard error of the means (mean ± SEM) and analyzed statistically by one-way analysis of variance, followed by Tukey’s HSD post hoc test (*p < 0.05 versus control).