Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Participants
| Variable | All sample (n = 100) | Placebo (n = 20) | Whey protein (n = 20) | Rehabilitation + placebo (n = 21) | Rehabilitation + protein (n = 20) | Testosterone (n = 19) | All active intervention groups (n = 80) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 78.08 ± 7.95 | 75.70 ± 7.12 | 80.00 ± 8.65 | 77.57 ± 7.53 | 80.00 ± 8.77 | 77.11 ± 7.42 | 78.68 ± 7.95 |
| Female | 70 (70) | 14 (70) | 14 (70) | 14 (67) | 14 (70) | 14 (74) | 56 (70) |
| Education, y | 13.44 ± 2.71 | 12.60 ± 2.39 | 13.70 ± 2.00 | 13.67 ± 1.93 | 13.45 ± 2.87 | 13.79 ± 4.04 | 13.65 ± 2.71 |
| Middle school degree | 7 (7) | 2 (10) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (10) | 3 (16) | 5 (6) |
| High school degree | 40 (40) | 10 (50) | 9 (45) | 9 (42) | 7 (35) | 5 (26) | 30 (38) |
| College degree | 42 (42) | 7 (35) | 11 (55) | 10 (48) | 9 (45) | 5 (26) | 35 (44) |
| Advanced education | 11 (11) | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 2 (10) | 2 (10) | 6 (32) | 10 (13) |
| Non-Hispanic white | 74 (74) | 12 (60) | 17 (85) | 16 (76) | 18 (90) | 11 (58) | 62 (78) |
| Black | 13 (13) | 5 (25) | 3 (15) | 2 (10) | 1 (5) | 2 (11) | 8 (11) |
| Hispanic | 11 (11) | 3 (15) | 0 (0) | 2 (10) | 1 (5) | 5 (26) | 8 (10) |
| Other | 2 (2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | 2 (3) |
| Weight, kg | 74.79 ± 17.49 | 78.61 ± 8.00 | 78.34 ± 16.30 | 73.39 ± 19.03 | 71.42 ± 20.27 | 72.10 ± 13.06 | 73.83 ± 17.49 |
| Height, m | 1.64 ± 8.62 | 1.64 ± 8.99 | 1.65 ± 10.29 | 1.64 ± 7.68 | 1.65 ± 8.58 | 1.64 ± 8.11 | 164.31 ± 8.62 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.68 ± 6.02 | 28.99 ± 5.33 | 28.90 ± 6.43 | 27.38 ± 6.39 | 26.05 ± 6.56 | 27.05 ± 5.28 | 27.35 ± 6.02 |
| DEXA weight, kg | 73.99 ± 17.23 | 77.93 ± 8.74 | 75.24 ± 15.84 | 72.87 ± 18.40 | 72.82 ± 20.70 | 71.44 ± 13.15 | 73.10 ± 17.23 |
| DEXA fat, kg | 29.82 ± 11.05 | 30.99± 11.11 | 30.79 ± 10.19 | 27.93 ± 10.84 | 30.33 ± 13.14 | 29.23 ± 10.89 | 29.56 ± 11.05 |
| DEXA lean mass, kg | 41.87 ± 8.91 | 44.57 ± 9.81 | 42.12 ± 8.89 | 42.67 ± 9.75 | 40.34 ± 9.66 | 39.88 ± 6.36 | 41.27 ± 8.91 |
| DEXA appendicular lean mass, kg | 17.79 ± 4.45 | 19.02 ± 4.97 | 18.30 ± 4.19 | 18.21 ± 4.93 | 16.79 ± 4.74 | 16.72 ± 3.37 | 17.52 ± 4.45 |
| Grip Strength, kg | 18.92 ± 8.63 | 21.39 ± 8.70 | 19.30 ± 7.03 | 18.65 ± 10.17 | 17.20 ± 9.60 | 18.02 ± 7.38 | 18.30 ± 8.63 |
| SPPB total score | 6.93 ± 3.29 | 7.75 ± 3.68 | 6.20 ± 3.09 | 7.14 ± 2.92 | 6.20 ± 3.53 | 7.37 ± 3.22 | 6.73 ± 3.29 |
| SPPB gait speed score | 2.37 ± 1.25 | 2.55 ± 1.15 | 2.05 ± 1.32 | 2.67 ± 1.32 | 2.00 ± 1.17 | 2.58 ± 1.26 | 2.33 ± 1.25 |
| SPPB chair rise score | 1.83 ± 1.60 | 2.30 ± 1.49 | 1.60 ± 1.67 | 1.81 ± 1.50 | 1.50 ± 1.61 | 1.95 ± 1.78 | 1.71 ± 1.60 |
| SPPB balance score | 2.73 ± 1.29 | 2.90 ± 1.41 | 2.55 ± 1.39 | 2.67 ± 1.28 | 2.70 ± 1.22 | 2.84 ± 1.26 | 2.69 ± 1.29 |
| Gait speed, m/s | 0.66 ± 0.28 | 0.64 ± 0.27 | 0.59 ± 0.27 | 0.75 ± 0.30 | 0.56 ± 0.22 | 0.75 ± 0.32 | 0.67 ± 0.28 |
| Mobility aid use | 25 (25) | 6 (30) | 7 (35) | 5 (24) | 3 (15) | 4 (21) | 19.00 (24) |
| None | 75 (75) | 14 (70) | 13 (65) | 16 (76) | 17 (85) | 15 (79) | 61 (76) |
| Cane | 8 (8) | 2 (10) | 2 (10) | 3 (14) | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 6 (8) |
| Walker | 17 (17) | 4 (20) | 5 (25) | 2 (10) | 2 (10) | 4 (21) | 13 (16) |
| Geriatric Depression Scale score | 3.03 ± 2.60 | 3.50 ± 2.61 | 2.60 ± 1.79 | 2.62 ± 2.52 | 3.80 ± 3.38 | 2.63 ± 2.48 | 2.91 ± 2.60 |
| Normal (<5) | 74 (74) | 14 (70) | 17 (85) | 18 (86) | 12 (60) | 13 (68) | 60 (75) |
| Mild depression (5–8) | 20 (20) | 5 (25) | 3 (15) | 2 (10) | 5 (25) | 5 (26) | 15 (19) |
| Moderate depression(9–11) | 6 (6) | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | 3 (15) | 1 (5) | 5 (6) |
| Severe depression (12–15) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Any falls in past year | 49 (49) | 11 (55) | 10 (48) | 10 (48) | 10 (50) | 8 (42) | 38 (48) |
| None | 51 (51) | 9 (45) | 10 (50) | 11 (52) | 10 (50) | 11 (58) | 42 (53) |
| One | 22 (22) | 5 (25) | 5 (25) | 5 (24) | 6 (30) | 1 (5) | 17 (21) |
| Two | 14 (14) | 3 (15) | 4 (20) | 3 (14) | 1 (5) | 3 (16) | 11 (14) |
| Three or more | 13 (13) | 3 (15) | 1 (5) | 2 (10) | 3 (15) | 4 (21) | 10 (13) |
| ADL | 0.12 ± 0.38 | 0.10 ± 0.45 | 0.20 ± 0.52 | 0.10 ± 0.30 | 0.10 ± 0.31 | 0.11 ± 0.32 | 0.13 ± 0.38 |
| Independent (0) | 90 (90) | 19 (95) | 17 (85) | 19 (90) | 18 (90) | 17 (89) | 71 (89) |
| Partially dependent (1–2) | 10 (10) | 1 (5) | 3 (15) | 2 (10) | 2 (10) | 2 (11) | 9 (11) |
| Significantly dependent (3–6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| IADL | 8.46 ± 1.99 | 8.55 ± 2.06 | 8.75 ± 1.45 | 8.05 ± 2.62 | 8.50 ± 2.21 | 8.47 ± 1.39 | 8.44 ± 1.99 |
| Independent (9–10) | 61 (61) | 13 (65) | 14 (70) | 12 (57) | 12 (60) | 10 (53) | 48 (60) |
| Partially dependent (6–8) | 33 (33) | 5 (25) | 6 (30) | 6 (29) | 7 (35) | 9 (47) | 28 (35) |
| Dependent (1–5) | 6 (6) | 2 (10) | 0 (0) | 3 (14) | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 4 (5) |
| Comorbidity score | 5.28 ± 1.49 | 5.15 ± 1.42 | 5.70 ± 1.45 | 5.10 ± 1.61 | 5.75 ± 1.55 | 4.68 ± 1.25 | 5.31 ± 1.49 |
| Length of stay, d | 3.10 ± 2.05 | 3.55 ± 2.11 | 2.85 ± 2.06 | 2.90 ± 2.26 | 3.40 ± 2.06 | 2.79 ± 1.81 | 2.99 ± 2.05 |
Note: All data are mean ± standard deviation or number of participants (percentage). ADL, activities of daily living; DEXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; SPBB, short physical performance battery.