Table 4.

Improvement in Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Score at Week-1 and Week-4 Testing

Variable	All sample	Placebo	Whey protein	Rehabilitation + placebo	Rehabilitation + protein	Testosterone	All active intervention groups	p-Value (across groups)	p-Value (placebo vs. interventions)
Week-1 testing, number of patients	93	19	18	19	19	18	74
ADL point change	–0.05 ± 0.43	–0.05 ± 0.40	–0.11 ± 0.32	–0.21 ± 0.71	0.11 ± 0.32	0.00 ± 0.00	–0.05 ± 0.43	.20	.28
Loss	6 (6)	2 (11)	2 (11)	2 (11)	0 (0)	0 (0)	4 (5)
No change	84 (90)	16 (84)	16 (89)	17 (81)	17 (89)	18 (100)	68 (92)
Gain	3 (3)	1 (5)	0 (0)	0 (0)	2 (11)	0 (0)	2 (3)
IADL point change	–0.51 ± 1.77	0.05 ± 1.47	–0.28 ± 1.45	–0.89 ± 2.38	–1.32 ± 2.06	–0.06 ± 0.80	–0.65 ± 1.77	.15	.25
Loss	30 (32)	4 (21)	3 (17)	7 (37)	12 (63)	4 (22)	26 (35)
No change	45 (48)	10 (53)	11 (61)	7 (37)	7 (37)	10 (56)	35 (47)
Gain	18 (19)	5 (26)	4 (22)	5 (26)	0 (0)	4 (22)	13 (18)
Week-4 testing, number of patients	79	13	15	17	16	18	66
ADL point change	–0.04 ± 0.49	–0.08 ± 0.28	0.07 ± 0.46	–0.24 ± 0.75	0.13 ± 0.34	–0.06 ± 0.42	–0.03 ± 0.49	.26	.52
Loss	6 (8)	1 (8)	1 (7)	2 (12)	0 (0)	2 (11)	5 (8)
No change	68 (86)	12 (92)	12 (80)	15 (88)	14 (88)	15 (83)	56 (85)
Gain	5 (6)	0 (0)	2 (13)	0 (0)	2 (13)	1 (6)	5 (8)
IADL point change	0.15 ± 1.11	0.08 ± 1.12	0.27 ± 1.03	–0.06 ± 1.25	0.13 ± 0.81	0.33 ± 1.33	0.17 ± 1.11	.86	.79
Loss	13 (16)	1 (8)	2 (13)	5 (29)	3 (19)	2 (11)	12 (18)
No change	39 (49)	9 (69)	8 (53)	6 (35)	9 (56)	7 (39)	30 (45)
Gain	27 (34)	3 (23)	5 (33)	6 (35)	4 (25)	9 (50)	24 (36)

Note: All data are mean ± standard deviation or number of participants (percentage). A positive value indicates an improvement in score.