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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2019 Jun 15;178:113–122. doi: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.06.017

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Block diagram of the procedure to induce atrial fibrillation in paroxysmal patients. Various coupling intervals of S1 and S2 pulses are utilized until AF is induced from a particular programmed stimulation site. If these attempts fail, IV isuprel may be administered, and the stimulating electrode is moved to another location and the process repeated. The procedure is repetitive and time-consuming, because little is known regarding the best stimulation sequence to employ, and the events occurring during stimulation are not very repeatable.