Fig. 1.

Geographic location and dates of ancient samples. A) Location of the 74 samples from the steppe, Lake Baikal region, Turkmenistan, and Anatolia analyzed in the present study. MA1, KK1, and Xiongnu_IA were previously published. Geographical background colors indicate the western steppe (pink), central steppe (orange) and eastern steppe (gray). B) Timeline in years before present (BP) for each sample. ML – Mesolithic, EHG – Eastern hunter-gatherer, EN – Early Neolithic, LN – Late Neolithic, CA – Copper Age, EBA – Early Bronze Age, EMBA – Early/Middle Bronze Age, MLBA – Middle/Late Bronze Age, IA – Iron Age.