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. 2019 Sep 17;9:13419. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49063-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Least squares parameter estimation of the gain between squared wave speed and stress. (a) Trial-specific calibrations (top) were performed using data collected at a single posture and loading rate. (b) Subject-specific calibrations (middle) were performed by including data from all postures and loading rates tested for a given subject. (c) Group calibration (bottom) was performed by including all wave speed and stress data from isometric tasks performed by all subjects. Red symbols represent data used for the three calibration approaches.