Table 1.
Concentration-dependent effects of cannabinoids on the vascularization of the egg, and the mean crown-rump (C-R) length, mean wet body weight and mean wet brain weight of chick embryos incubated for 10 days.
| Treatment | Vascularization (mean score) | C-R length (cm) | Wet embryo weight (g) | Wet brain weight (mg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saline | 1.97 ± 0.03 (37) | 3.17 ± 0.15 (37) | 1.97 ± 0.13 (37) | 126 ± 7 (37) |
| DMSO (0.05%) | 1.95 ± 0.03 (41) | 3.15 ± 0.13 (41) | 1.97 ± 0.08 (41) | 122 ± 5 (41) |
| EtOH (0.05%) | 1.92 ± 0.08 (12) | 3.11 ± 0.11 (12) | 1.87 ± 0.03 (13) | 107 ± 1 (13) |
| α-Toc. (100 µM) | 1.78 ± 0.15 (9) | 2.51 ± 0.38 (9) | 1.33 ± 0.25 (9) | 88 ± 17 (9) |
| AM251 (1 µM) | 1.92 ± 0.08 (12) | 2.88 ± 0.23 (12) | 1.47 ± 0.15 (12) | 97 ± 10 (12) |
| HU 210 | ||||
| 1 µM | 1.77 ± 0.17 (13) | 2.97 ± 0.27 (13) | 2.02 ± 0.24 (13) | 118 ± 13 (13) |
| 3 µM | 1.77 ± 0.17 (13) | 3.20 ± 0.17 (13) | 1.40 ± 0.25 (13) | 88 ± 6 (13) |
| 10 µM | 1.16 ± 0.16 (12)§ | 1.46 ± 0.21 (26)§ | 0.42 ± 0.12 (26)§ | 32 ± 9 (26)§ |
| 10 µM + α-Toc. | 1.78 ± 0.15 (9) | 2.50 ± 0.42 (9) | 1.35 ± 0.27 (9)* | 91 ± 18 (9)* |
| 10 µM + AM251 | 1.78 ± 0.15 (9) | 2.69 ± 0.39 (9) | 1.48 ± 0.28 (9)† | 92 ± 18 (9)* |
| HU 211 | ||||
| 1 µM | 2 (7) | 3.07 ± 0.29 (7) | 1.68 ± 0.32 (7) | 107 ± 15 (6) |
| 3 µM | 2 (7) | 2.81 ± 0.38 (7) | 1.48 ± 0.38 (7) | 94 ± 18 (6) |
| 10 µM | 2 (7) | 2.99 ± 0.33 (7) | 1.68 ± 0.29 (7) | 106 ± 22 (6) |
| CBD | ||||
| 5 µM | 1.60 ± 0.22 (10) | 2.07 ± 0.48 (10) | 1.31 ± 0.35 (10) | 74 ± 21 (10) |
| 20 µM | 1.40 ± 0.22 (10)* | 1.83 ± 0.55 (10)† | 1.11 ± 0.37 (10)* | 67 ± 22 (10)* |
| 50 µM | 0.95 ± 0.18 (10)§ | 0.95 ± 0.32 (19)§ | 0.52 ± 0.21 (19)§ | 35 ± 14 (10)§ |
| 50 µM + α-Toc. | 1.89 ± 0.11 (9)‡ | 2.79 ± 0.40 (9)‡ | 1.66 ± 0.25 (9)† | 121 ± 12 (8)‡ |
| 50 µM + AM251 | 1.67 ± 0.17 (9) | 2.14 ± 0.45 (9) | 1.29 ± 0.32 (9) | 106 ± 20 (8)† |
| AEA | ||||
| 5 µM | 2 (10) | 3.16 ± 0.35 (10) | 2.23 ± 0.06 (10) | 135 ± 5 (10) |
| 20 µM | 2 (10) | 3.13 ± 0.24 (10) | 1.63 ± 0.25 (10) | 115 ± 15 (10) |
| 50 µM | 2 (10) | 3.08 ± 0.35 (10) | 1.83 ± 0.22 (10) | 116 ± 14 (10) |
All data are means ± SEM with number of eggs examined in brackets. Statistically significant differences (analysed by one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test for the C-R length, embryo and brain weight data, or Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test with Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons for the vascularization scores) from corresponding vehicle treatment (0.05% DMSO or EtOH), or when the combination of CB + α-Toc. or AM251 are compared with CB treatment per se, are indicated as: *P < 0.05, †P < 0.01, ‡P < 0.001, or §P < 0.0001.