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. 2019 Sep 17;9:13439. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49513-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Schematic of enhanced cellular uptake of magnetic TiO₂NTs under the influence of a gradient magnetic field. The cells were incubated with FITC-conjugated magnetic TiO₂NTs for 30 min and then washed thoroughly to remove unbound nanocarriers. The overall distance between the permanent magnet and the cell surface was ≈2.7 mm. Representative micrographs of FITC-conjugated magnetic TiO₂NTs without (b) and with (c) application of a gradient magnetic field imaged by progressive Z-stack confocal microscopy (ImageJ processed 3D volume micrographs). Roman numbers, indicate images at different XY distances, illustrate internalized nanocarirers (green). Cell nuclei and actin were stained with DRAQ5^TM (shown in blue) and phalloidin-TRITC (red) respectively, and FITC-conjugated magnetic TiO₂NTs are shown in green. (d) Representative SEM micrographs of internalizing magnetic TiO₂NTs without (I) and with (II) magnetic force.