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. 2019 Sep 17;9:13476. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50067-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Ratio of gene expression of Rankl/Opg (A) and Trap gene expression (B) of the newly formed bone in the defects injected with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs), adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (AT-MSCs), or native bone 4 weeks post-injection. The actual changes were relative to the gene expression of cells from native bone. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences among groups (p ≤ 0.05).