Table 2.
Summary of the recent affinity-based PEC biosensor.
| Photoactive Material | Target | Sensing Approach | Transduction mechanism | LOD, linear range | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AgI/Ag/BiOI | IgG | Immunosensor, Signal on | Introduction of photoactive species | 100 fg mL−1100 fg mL−1-100 ng mL−1 | Yu et al., 2019 |
| TiO2-CdS | Estradiol | Immunosensor, Signal off | 2 pg mL−15 pg mL−1-4 ng mL−1 | Li et al., 2015 | |
| Donor–Acceptor-type PTB7-Th | Thrombin | Aptasensor, Signal on | 34.6 fM100 fM−10 nM | Hu et al., 2018 | |
| CdS NPs | Oligonucleotides | DNA sensor | – | Willner et al., 2001 | |
| (PAAD)@ TiO2CAM, g-C3N4, CS-AgI | PSA, IL-6 | Immunosensor, Signal polarity change | 3.3 × 10−5 pg mL−1, 10–90 pg mL−1 (IL-6)3.3 × 10−3 pg mL−1, 10−6-90 ng mL−1 (PSA) | Dai et al., 2016 | |
| CdS QDs/NPC-ZnO | miRNA-155 | DNAsensor, Signal on | 49 aM0.1 fM−10 nM | Meng et al., 2019 | |
| CdS/TiO2, CdTe QDs | Insulin | Immunosensor, Signal on | 3 fM10 fM−10 nM | Wen and Ju, 2016 | |
| Cationic polyfluorene derivative | Breast cancer cells (SKBR-3) | Cytosensor, Signal on | 24 cells/mL−11.0 × 102-5.0 × 105 cell mL−1 | Liu et al., 2018 | |
| TiO2/ITO, Au NPs, [Ru(bpy)3]2+ | DNA | Peptide sensor, Signal on | 5.0 × 10−3 U mL−110–50 U mL−1 | Yan et al., 2016 | |
| TiO2/Au, CuInS2/ZnS (ZCIS) QDS | miRNA-21 | Aptasensor, Signal on | 0.31 pM1 pM−100 nM | Chu et al., 2018 | |
| CdTe, MB | miRNA-141 | Aptasensor, signal on | 17 aM50 aM−50 pM | Li et al., 2018a | |
| MoS2/g-C3N4/black TiO2, Au NPs | miRNA | Aptasensor, Signal off | 0.13 fM0.5–5,000 fM | Wang et al., 2019 | |
| GO/g-C3N4 | Kanamycin | Aptasensor, Signal on | 0.2 nM1–230 nM | Li et al., 2014b | |
| TiO2 | miRNA | DNAsensor, Signal Off-On | 20 fM | Bettazzi et al., 2018 | |
| MB | miRNA | DNA sensor, Signal on | 27 aM80 aM−10 pM | Hou et al., 2018 | |
| CdS/TiO2 NT | cTnI, CRP | Immunosensor, Signal on | Generation of electron/hole donor | 0.1 ng mL−1, 1 ng mL−1-0.01 mg mL−1 (cTnI).50 ng mL−1, 100 ng mL−1-0.1 mg mL−1 (CRP) | Zhang et al., 2016b |
| NaYF4:Yb,Tm@TiO2 | CEA | DNAsensor, Signal on | 3.6 pg mL−110 pg mL−1-40 ng mL−1 | Qiu et al., 2018 | |
| Au NPs, MoS2 | mi-RNA | DNAsensor, Signal off | Steric-hindrance | 4.21 fM10 fM−1 nM | Zang et al., 2016 |
| WS2, Au NP | MCF-7 cells | Aptasensor, Signal off | 21 cells mL−11 × 102-5 × 106 cells mL−1 | Li et al., 2016 | |
| AuNP/g-C3N4 | PNK | Aptasensor, Signal off | 1 mU mL−12 to 100 mU mL−1 | Zhuang et al., 2015 | |
| Au NPs, TiO2 | p53 | Immunosensor, Signal off | 0.05 ng mL20–100 ng mL−1 | Zhu et al., 2016 | |
| Ag NPs, TiO2 | AFB1 | Aptasensor, Signal off | 2.5 × 10−4 ng mL−11.0 × 10−3-1.0 × 103 ng mL−1 | Hao et al., 2018b | |
| Graphene loaded carbon QDs, g-C3N4 | E. coli | Aptasensor, Signal off | 0.66 cfu/mL2.9–2.9 × 106 cfu/mL | Hua et al., 2018 | |
| CuO nanopyramid-island, AO | ALP | Immunosensor, Signal off | 0.33 U L−10.5–40.0 U L−1 | Zhang et al., 2018b | |
| TiO2 sensitized with ZnIn2S4 | Early apoptotic HL-60 cells | Aptasensor, Signal off | 3 cells mL−11 × 103-5 × 107 cells mL−1 | Wu et al., 2018 | |
| ZnO, Au nanorods, CdTe QD | MCF-7 | Aptasensor, Signal off | 21 cells mL−163–1.0 × 107 cells mL−1 | Ge et al., 2017 | |
| TiO2/CdS:Mn, CuInS2 nanoflower | PSA | Aptasensor, Signal off | 0.32 pg mL−11 pg mL−1-100 ng mL−1 | Fan et al., 2016a | |
| CdS, Au NP | PSA | Aptasensor, Signal off | 1.8 pg mL−10.005–50 ng mL−1 | Zhang et al., 2018a | |
| AgInS2 NP | CCRF-CEM cells | Aptasensor, Signal off | 16 cells mL−11.5 × 102-3.0 × 105 cells mL−1 | Li et al., 2019 | |
| CdS-MoS2 QD | DNA | DNA sensor, Signal on | 0.39 fM1 fM−100 pM | Zang et al., 2016 | |
| TiO2-CdS:Mn | PSA | Immunosensor, Ratiometric | 0.32 pg/mL1 pg/mL−100 ng/mL | Fan et al., 2016a | |
| p-CuBi2O4-Au NP | AFP | Immunosensor, Signal off | 14.7 pg/mL50 pg mL−1-20 ng mL−1 | Lv et al., 2017 | |
| TiO2-EG-ZnIn2S4 | Apoptotic cells HL-60 | Immunosensor, Signal off | 158 cells/mL1,000–50 × 107 | Wu et al., 2018 | |
| TiO2 Nanoneedls@MoO3 | RAW264.7 macrophage cells | Immunosensor, Signal off | 50 cells/mL50–1,500 cells/mL | Pang et al., 2017 | |
| ZnO spheres Au nanorod-CdTe QDs | Breast cancer cells (MCF-7) | Immunosensor, Signal off | 21 cells/mL100–107 cells per mL | Ge et al., 2017 | |
| t-mercaptopropionic acid capped AgInS2NP | Tumor cells | Aptamer sensor, Signal off | 16 cells/mL1.5 × 102-3.0 × 105 cells/mL | Li et al., 2019 | |
| CdS-TiO2 | CEA | Dnazyme sensor, Signal off | In situ induction of light | 70 ag/mL70 ag/mL−500 fg/mL | Ge et al., 2016a |
| CdTe, CdTe-GO | AFB1 | Aptasensor, Simultaneous signal on-off | 10 pg mL−110 pg mL−1-100 ng mL−1 | Hao et al., 2017b | |
| BiVO4-rGO-AuNP | PSA | Immunosensor, Signal on | 3 pg/mL10 pg/mL−80 ng/mL | Shu et al., 2016 | |
| SnO2QD-RGO | ATP | Aptamer sensor | 0.025 pM0.1 pM−100 nM | Wang et al., 2014a | |
| CdS-Ag NP | Micro RNA/ss DNA | Aptamer sensor, Signal off | Resonance Energy Transfer | 0.2 fM1 fM−100 pM0.3 pM1 pM−10 nM | Ma et al., 2016b; Zhang et al., 2016a |
| CdS-AuNP | Thrombin TATA binding protein | Aptamer sensor, Signal off | 0.1 fM1 fM−10 pM50 fg/mL100 fg/mL−10 ng/mL | Ma et al., 2016a; Xu et al., 2016 | |
| TiO2−x-AuNP | ss DNA | DNA sensor, Signal on | 0.6 pM1 pM−10 nM | Shu et al., 2018 | |
| CdSeTe-SiO2@Au | Thrombin | Aptamer sensor, Signal on | 2.8 fM10 fM−50 pM | Fan et al., 2015 |