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. 2019 Sep 11;11:253. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00253

FIGURE 6.

FIGURE 6

Glucose-regulation of Calcium. In the physiological situation, glucose is mainly transported by glucose transporters (GLUTs) located in the neuronal plasma membrane. The glucose is then converted to ATP by glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). The produced ATP will serve as a substrate for two ATPases, SERCA and PMCA, which pump Ca2+ into the endoplasmic reticulum and out of the cell, respectively. Ca2+ has its influx into the cytoplasm by various cellular mechanisms, however only VGCC (voltage-gated calcium channel) and NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors are represented by their importance to LTP/LTD. Changes in the glucose transport or metabolism by the neuron are expected to impact ATP-dependent mechanisms leading to intracellular Ca2+ deregulation. SR: sarcoplasmic reticulum; PMCA: plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase; SERCA: sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase; Gly: glycolysis; ATP: adenosine triphosphate.