Figure 4.

Indole pyruvate and hydroxyl-phenyl pyruvate inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine production in LPS-stimulated microglia but not BMDM. Primary murine microglia and BMDM were treated with indole pyruvate, hydroxy-phenylpyruvate, or phenylpyruvate (0.25–1 mM) for 30 min prior to stimulation with LPS (100 ng/ml) for 24 h. Concentrations of TNFα and IL-6 in (A) mixed glia and (B) BMDM supernatants was measured by ELISA. Results shown are mean ± SEM concentrations of IL-6 and TNFα from three to six independent experiments. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05.