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. 2019 Sep 11;10:2137. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02137

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Ketoacids induce Nrf2 expression and upregulate Nrf-2 dependent genes in mixed glia and BMDM. (A) Primary murine mixed glia were treated with indole pyruvate, hydroxy-phenylpyruvate, or phenylpyruvate (0.25–1 mM) for 24 h. Expression of Nrf2 was measured by Western blot. Blots shown are representative of three independent experiments. (B) BMDM were treated with indole pyruvate, hydroxy-phenylpyruvate or phenylpyruvate (0.25–1 mM) for 24 h. Expression of Nrf2 was measured by Western blot. Blots shown are representative of three independent experiments. (C) Primary murine mixed glia were treated with indole pyruvate (IP), hydroxy-phenylpyruvate (HPP), or phenylpyruvate (PP) (0.5 mM) for 24 h. mRNA expression of NQO-1 and GSR was measured by RT-PCR. (D) BMDM were treated with indole pyruvate, hydroxy-phenylpyruvate, or phenylpyruvate (1 mM) for 24 h. mRNA expression of NQO-1 and GSR was measured by RT-PCR. Results shown are mean ± SEM fold expression of NQO-1 and GSR from three independent experiments. ***p < 0.001, *p < 0.05. Full length blots are presented in Supplementary Figure 7.