| NF-κB | nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells |
| AP-1 | activator protein 1 |
| TNFα | tumor necrosis factor alpha |
| IKKs | inhibitory kappa B kinases |
| IκBα | nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells inhibitor alpha |
| COX-2 | cyclooxygenase-2 |
| MMP | mitochondrial membrane potential |
| PARP | poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase |
| IC50 | half maximal inhibitory concentration |
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