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. 2019 Aug 21;24(17):3027. doi: 10.3390/molecules24173027

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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OE and RA activated the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. (a) Nrf2 mRNA transcription in the mouse jejunum after different treatments. (b) OE and RA trigger nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in the mouse jejunum. (c) Nrf2 binding to specific antioxidant-response element (ARE) sites, determined by electrophoretic mobility-shift assay (EMSA). The probe only lane contains a labeled probe with no protein, and nuclear protein extract lanes contain the probe with mouse jejunal epithelial cell nuclear protein extracts. Competition lanes contain 200× unlabeled probe. Gels were read with a scanner, and optical density is expressed as fold change in the NC group. (d) Effects of OE and RA on mRNA expression of downstream antioxidant related genes. (e) Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the mouse jejunum. The bar represents the SEM, with different letters being statistically significantly different in all figures (P < 0.05).