Table 1.

Comparison between short-range and long-range technologies [7,8].

Specifications	Short Range			Long Range
	Bluetooth	ZigBee	WiFi	LoRaWAN	SigFox	Ingenu
Modulation	GFSK/DQPSK/DPSK	BPSK/OQPSK	various schemes	Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS)	DBPSK(UL) GFSK(DL)	RPMA-DSSS(UL) CDMA(DL)
MAC	FDMA/TDMA	CSMA/CA	CSMA/CA	unslotted MAC	unslotted ALOHA	CDMA-like
Data rate	3 Mbps	250 kbps	7 Gbps	0.3 kbps–50 kbps	100 bps(UL) 600 bps(DL)	78 kbps(UL) 19 kbps(DL)
Coverage	up to 30 m	up to 100 m	up to 100 m	up to 5 km (urban) 15 km (rural)	10 km (urban) 50 km (rural)	up to 15 km (urban)