Table 1.

Effect of each group on toes/ankle swelling and pain threshold in MSU crystal-induced GA rat model ($\overline{x}\pm s$, n = 10).

Groups	Toes and Ankle Swelling (mL)
	3 h	6 h	9 h	12 h	24 h
Control	−0.13 ± 0.12 **	−0.16 ± 0.10 **	−0.16 ± 0.09 **	−0.16 ± 0.10 **	−0.18 ± 0.14 **
GA Model	0.16 ± 0.11	0.51 ± 0.22	0.95 ± 0.25	0.99 ± 0.22	0.47 ± 0.16
Diclofenac Sodium	0.10 ± 0.14	0.32 ± 0.14 *	0.51 ± 0.15 **	0.44 ± 0.17 **	0.08 ± 0.19 **
P-b4 (hypodermic, 20 mg × 4)	0.13 ± 0.11	0.44 ± 0.13	0.83 ± 0.20	0.84 ± 0.23	0.29 ± 0.15 *
P-b4 (hypodermic, 10 mg × 4)	0.11 ± 0.14	0.37 ± 0.18	0.69 ± 0.24 *	0.73 ± 0.27 *	0.46 ± 0.23
P-b4 (hypodermic, 5 mg × 4)	0.09 ± 0.12	0.41 ± 0.17	0.76 ± 0.29	0.79 ± 0.29 *	0.39 ± 0.12
P-b4 (intravenous, 1.2 5mg × 4)	0.11 ± 0.13	0.42 ± 0.17	0.68 ± 0.21 *	0.70 ± 0.14 **	0.27 ± 0.16 **
Groups	Pain Threshold (s)
	3 h	6 h	9 h	12 h	24 h
Control	10.16 ± 3.05	9.00 ± 1.80 *	8.56 ± 1.49	8.08 ± 0.91 *	9.12 ± 2.27
GA Model	9.27 ± 2.25	7.17 ± 1.95	7.93 ± 1.95	6.86 ± 1.17	9.56 ± 1.32
Diclofenac Sodium	9.96 ± 1.58	7.52 ± 2.71	8.18 ± 1.63	8.11 ± 2.46	8.87 ± 1.64
P-b4 (hypodermic, 20 mg × 4)	10.10 ± 1.81	7.07 ± 1.09	6.80 ± 1.82	8.32 ± 2.44 *	10.27 ± 2.38
P-b4 (hypodermic, 10 mg × 4)	9.36 ± 1.90	8.22 ± 2.01	8.24 ± 2.35	8.08 ± 1.92 *	11.01 ± 2.44 *
P-b4 (hypodermic, 5 mg × 4)	11.57 ± 1.94 *	8.02 ± 2.62	8.70 ± 2.07	7.19 ± 1.51	9.63 ± 2.38
P-b4 (intravenous, 1.25 mg × 4)	10.73 ± 2.09	8.21 ± 1.75	10.13 ± 2.78 *	7.16 ± 0.97	9.81 ± 2.24

p-value is t-test comparing with GA model group rats; * means p < 0.05, ** means p < 0.01.