Table 3. Association of Evening Preferences and Social Jet Lag With Cardiometabolic Biomarkersa.
| Characteristic | β (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Girls | Boys | |||
| Multivariable-Adjustedb | Sleep-Adjustedc | Multivariable-Adjustedb | Sleep-Adjustedc | |
| Evening preferencesd | ||||
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | −0.15 (−0.81 to 0.50) | −0.12 (−0.80 to 0.57) | −0.33 (−1.10 to 0.44) | −0.33 (−1.09 to 0.43) |
| Log HOMA-IR | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.04) | 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.04) | 0.01 (−0.03 to 0.04) | 0.01 (−0.03 to 0.04) |
| Log triglycerides, mg/dL | 0.02 (0.00 to 0.04) | 0.02 (0.00 to 0.04) | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.04) | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.04) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 0.00 (−0.40 to 0.41) | −0.08 (−0.50 to 0.33) | −0.34 (−0.72 to 0.05) | −0.32 (−0.71 to 0.06) |
| Social jet lage | ||||
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 0.67 (−1.05 to 2.39) | 0.74 (−1.00 to 2.48) | −0.40 (−2.03 to 1.23) | −0.31 (−1.92 to 1.30) |
| Log HOMA-IR | 0.03 (−0.04 to 0.11) | 0.03 (−0.04 to 0.10) | −0.01 (−0.09 to 0.06) | −0.02 (−0.09 to 0.05) |
| Log triglycerides, mg/dL | −0.01 (−0.06 to 0.05) | −0.01 (−0.06 to 0.05) | 0.00 (−0.05 to 0.05) | 0.00 (−0.05 to 0.05) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 0.74 (−0.28 to 1.76) | 0.59 (−0.44 to 1.61) | −0.03 (−0.86 to 0.79) | −0.07 (−0.89 to 0.76) |
Abbreviations: HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance.
Cardiometabolic biomarkers are the components of the cardiometabolic risk score, which consists of the mean of 5 sex- and cohort-specific z scores for HDL cholesterol (inverted), log HOMA-IR, log triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, and waist circumference (shown in the Figure and Table 2).
Multivariable-adjusted models include adolescent age, race/ethnicity, pubertal status, season of measurement, maternal educational level, and household income.
Sleep-adjusted models additionally include actigraphy-measured sleep duration.
Reduced Morningness-Eveningness Scales for Children is derived from 5 questions regarding adolescents’ preferences for when to get into bed and out of bed, what time of day they had the most energy, and how easy it was to get up in the morning; in multivariable models, the scores were inverted such that higher scores indicate stronger evening preferences.
Social jet lag is the difference in mean sleep midpoint on weekend days minus the mean sleep midpoint on weekdays.