Figure 1.

Optogenetic approaches in cardiac tissue. (A) Comparison of electrical and optogenetic stimulation paradigms, highlighting cellular specificity and bidirectionality of optogenetic techniques. (B) Examples of different methods of targeting opsins to cardiac tissue. Section on transgenic methods is adapted from Figure 1A from Wang et al. (2017). Section on viral infection describes the experimental approach used by Vogt et al. (2015). (C) Examples of different optogenetic read-outs for cardiac applications, ranging from in vitro to in vivo experimental set-ups.