Table 3.
Multilevel Models of Predicting Education Attainment by Behavioral Problems
| Compulsory Completion (Odds Ratio) | Secondary Completion (Odds Ratio) | Tertiary Completion (Odds Ratio) | Years of Education | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
| 0.98 (0.01) | 0.99 (0.01) | 0.98* (0.01) | −0.03* (0.01) | |||||||||
| Externalizing Problems | 0.98* (0.01) | 0.99+ (0.01) | 0.98** (0.01) | −0.03*** (0.01) | ||||||||
| Teacher-Reported Behavior Problems | 0.90* (0.04) | 1.00 (0.03) | 0.97 (0.04) | −0.09* (0.04) | ||||||||
| Birth Year | 1.51*** (0.13) | 1.52*** (0.14) | 1.46*** (0.13) | 1.12+ (0.08) | 1.13+ (0.08) | 1.13+ (0.07) | 1.07 (0.08) | 1.09 (0.08) | 1.05 (0.07) | 0.42*** (0.09) | 0.43*** (0.09) | 0.39*** (0.09) |
| Male | 1.26 (0.23) | 1.30 (0.24) | 1.26 (0.24) | 1.15 (0.15) | 1.16 (0.16) | 1.18 (0.16) | 0.86 (0.14) | 0.90 (0.14) | 0.86 (0.14) | 0.23 (0.19) | 0.27 (0.18) | 0.25 (0.19) |
| Number of Siblings | 1.19 (0.15) | 1.20 (0.15) | 1.14 (0.15) | 0.91 (0.08) | 0.91 (0.08) | 0.91 (0.08) | 1.06 (0.11) | 1.07 (0.11) | 1.02 (0.10) | 0.04 (0.11) | 0.04 (0.11) | −0.03 (0.11) |
| Early Academic Skills | 1.06*** (0.01) | 1.06*** (0.01) | 1.06*** (0.01) | 1.03** (0.01) | 1.02* (0.01) | 1.03** (0.01) | 1.04*** (0.01) | 1.04*** (0.01) | 1.05*** (0.01) | 0.10*** (0.01) | 0.09*** (0.01) | 0.10*** (0.01) |
| Father’s Education | ||||||||||||
| None | 0.53** (0.11) | 0.53*** (0.11) | 0.53*** (0.11) | 0.44*** (0.08) | 0.45*** (0.08) | 0.45*** (0.08) | 0.51*** (0.10) | 0.50*** (0.10) | 0.54** (0.11) | −1.36*** (0.24) | −1.35*** (0.24) | −1.34*** (0.24) |
| Primary School | 0.98 (0.21) | 0.95 (0.21) | 0.92 (0.20) | 0.74+ (0.13) | 0.76 (0.14) | 0.75 (0.13) | 0.98 (0.17) | 0.99 (0.18) | 0.96 (0.17) | −0.22 (0.21) | −0.22 (0.21) | −0.28 (0.21) |
| High School or Above | 1.87* (0.53) | 1.94* (0.56) | 1.83* (0.54) | 1.66** (0.32) | 1.66** (0.31) | 1.66** (0.31) | 1.28 (0.23) | 1.25 (0.23) | 1.27 (0.23) | 0.95*** (0.25) | 0.93*** (0.25) | 0.92*** (0.25) |
| Family Income Per Capita | 1.15+ (0.09) | 1.15+ (0.09) | 1.16+ (0.10) | 1.29*** (0.10) | 1.28*** (0.10) | 1.28*** (0.09) | 1.01 (0.02) | 1.02 (0.02) | 1.02 (0.02) | 0.09*** (0.03) | 0.09*** (0.03) | 0.09*** (0.03) |
| Number of Enterprises | 0.99 (0.02) | 0.99 (0.02) | 0.99 (0.03) | 1.00 (0.02) | 1.01 (0.02) | 1.01 (0.02) | 0.98 (0.02) | 0.97 (0.02) | 0.98 (0.02) | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.01 (0.03) |
| Labor Force Primary-School Completion Rate | 1.03 (0.58) | 0.98 (0.56) | 1.16 (0.69) | 0.74 (0.30) | 0.70 (0.29) | 0.73 (0.29) | 0.58 (0.26) | 0.55 (0.25) | 0.60 (0.26) | −0.55 (0.56) | −0.68 (0.57) | −0.46 (0.57) |
| Isolation Index | 1.15+ (0.08) | 1.16* (0.08) | 1.18* (0.09) | 1.01 (0.05) | 1.02 (0.05) | 1.01 (0.05) | 0.98 (0.06) | 0.97 (0.06) | 0.98 (0.06) | 0.11 (0.09) | 0.12 (0.08) | 0.13 (0.09) |
| Observations | 1585 | 1587 | 1586 | 1371 | 1374 | 1376 | 921 | 923 | 923 | 1585 | 1587 | 1586 |
Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses.
The reference category for father’s education is middle school. The unit for family income per capita is 1,000 yuan.
+
<0.1
*
<0.05
**
<0.01
***
<0.001